不同播种方式对小麦产量形成及氮素利用效率的影响

Effects of different seeding patterns on yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat

在大田试验条件下,以小麦品种扬麦19为供试材料,设置免耕套播、旋耕撒播、旋耕条播、耕翻+旋耕条播等4种方式,研究不同播种方式对苏北平原小麦产量形成及氮素吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明:采用小麦播种施肥一体机条播小麦,同时机械深施基肥,能显著提高旋耕条播和耕翻+旋耕条播处理的小麦产量,分别平均比旋耕撒播提高7.6%和10.8%。旋耕条播和耕翻+旋耕条播处理均显著提高了小麦的生物产量,明显增加了小麦的经济系数,显著增加了小麦不同生育时期麦田土壤速效氮含量,显著提高了小麦氮肥偏生产力。旋耕条播和耕翻+旋耕条播处理虽然均显著增加了小麦氮素累积量,但小麦的氮素干物质生产效率和籽粒生产效率均显著降低。说明在小麦生产中,使用小麦播种施肥一体机条播小麦,结合基肥机械深施,减少25%的小麦播种量和10%的氮肥施用量,虽然能增加土壤速效氮素含量,并提高小麦产量和氮素吸收量,但还需通过合理栽培技术措施的应用,协调好氮素养分吸收和利用效率之间的矛盾,提高小麦氮素利用效率。

In order to investigate the effects of different seeding patterns on yield formation and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat in a wheat-rice double cropping system of North Jiangsu Plain,a field research was conducted with four treatments such as no tillage plus interplant(NT-IP),rotary tillage plus sow planting(RT-SP,check),rotary tillage plus sowing in drill(RT-SD)and plow tillage plus sowing in drill(PR-SD),the tested wheat variety was Yangmai 19.The results showed that:through sowing and fertilizing integrated machine to sow wheat,and mechanical deep application of base fertilizer at the same time,the RT-SD and PR-SD treatments could significantly increase wheat yield by 7.6%and 10.8%,respectively.RT-SD and PR-SD treatments not only significantly improved the biomass yield and the economic index of wheat,but also significantly increased the available nitrogen content of soil in wheat field at different wheat growth stages.Moreover,nitrogen partial factor productivity of wheat was significantly improved under RT-SD and PR-SD treatments.Both RT-SD and PR-SD treatments significantly increased nitrogen accumulation in wheat,but the nitrogen use efficiency for biomass and nitrogen use efficiency for grain yield of wheat were significantly decreased.It indicated that:although using integrated machine to sow wheat in drill and mechanical deep application of base fertilizer in the practice of production,to reduce 10%of nitrogen application and 25%of wheat seeding,could increase soil available nitrogen content,wheat yield and nitrogen uptake,it was also necessary to use reasonable cultivation techniques,coordinate the contradiction between nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency,and improve the nitrogen use efficiency of wheat.