爱因斯坦的宇宙宗教与康德的道德宗教之比较及其融合——兼论斯宾诺莎的泛神论

A Comparison and Combination of Einstein’s Cosmic Religion and Kant’s Moral Religion ——and a Discussion on Spinoza’s Pantheism

爱因斯坦把“上帝”等同于“宇宙”,称之为“宇宙宗教”,并宣称那正是斯宾诺莎的泛神论;然而,爱因斯坦却把对社会道德的关注从宇宙宗教中剥离出来。与之相反,康德则把“上帝”与“宇宙”分离开来,站在反自然神论或反宇宙宗教的立场上,仅仅主张道德神论或道德宗教。我们将爱因斯坦和康德的理论加以融合,形成广义的宇宙宗教。广义宇宙宗教把狭义宇宙宗教和道德宗教包括在内,这是对斯宾诺莎之泛神论的回归和升华,不仅与科学并行不悖甚至相互促进,而且对人生具有一定的指导意义。

Einstein equates“God”with“Cosmos”and calls it“cosmic religion”,and he declares that it is Spinoza’s pantheism.However,Einstein detaches the attention of social moral from cosmic religion.On the contrary,Kant detaches“God”from“Cosmos”,and holds moral theology or moral religion in the position of anti-deism or anti-cosmic religion.The theories of Einstein and Kant are combined in the paper,thereby forming a cosmic religion in a broad sense.The broad cosmic religion,including both narrow cosmic religion and moral religion,is the rejuvenation and sublimation of Spinoza’s pantheism,thus,not only compatible and even stimulative with science,but also meaningful for the view of life.