车内空气中醛类与苯系物散发特性和健康效应

Study on Emission Characteristics and Health Effects of Aldehydes and Benzene Series in Cabin of Vehicles

以M1类新车为研究对象,基于整车挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOC)测试环境仓法研究车内空气中醛类和苯系物的散发特性及短期衰减行为,考察工况和下线时间对车内空气质量的影响。依据美国环保署颁布的“致癌物的风险评价导则”,计算车内空气中“五苯三醛”对乘员的致癌风险和非致癌风险,将车内空气中VOC浓度与健康效应相关联。试验结果表明,温度变化对甲醛散发量的影响较乙醛更为显著,通风对乙醛的去除能力强于甲醛,车内空气中苯系物的短期衰减强于醛类物质。高温状态下甲醛对乘员有致癌风险,二甲苯、乙醛、丙烯醛对乘员有非致癌风险。车内空气中多种恶臭物质的协同作用导致车内空气味型复杂,低嗅辨阈值化合物可能导致车内气味强度大。

Based on the volatile organic compounds(VOC)environmental chamber method,M1 type new vehicles were chosen as objects to investigate the emission characteristics and short-term attenuation of aldehydes and benzene series in cabin of vehicles,and the effects of test conditions and offline time on air quality in vehicles were studied.According to the Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Carcinogens by US EPA,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of passengers in vehicles were calculated,which correlate the VOC concentrations with health effects.Results show that,the effect of temperature on formaldehyde emission is more significant than acetaldehyde,ventilation shows better removal ability to acetaldehyde than formaldehyde,the short-term attenuation of benzene series are more significant than that of aldehydes.It also proved that formaldehyde presences carcinogenic risk to passengers while xylene,acetaldehyde,and acrolein presences non-carcinogenic risk to passengers at high temperature.The synergistic effect of various odorous substances leads to complex smell patterns in cabin of vehicles.Compounds of low odor threshold may cause strong odor in cabin of vehicles.