国际视角的人力资本收益率研究

A Research on the Return Rate of Human Capital from an International Perspective

人力资本是综合国力竞争中最重要的因素之一,教育作为人力资本投资的主要形式,其收益率常常代表人力资本收益率而被研究测度。欧洲、美洲和亚洲在2000年前后的教育收益率分别呈现递减、递增和发散的趋势;中国城镇居民教育收益率自1980年以来不断上升。通过对我国城镇居民1995-2013年人力资本收益率的实证研究,发现教育收益率长期高于工作经验收益率,且二者差距呈现扩大趋势;大学及以上学历的教育收益率呈明显的上升趋势,且在2002年后远高于初中和高中学历教育收益率,"高学历高收入"格局形成;1999年开始的高校扩招政策强力推动我国城镇居民教育收益率尤其是高等教育收益率的提升,2002年第一批高校扩招生进入劳动力市场后,高学历的收入优势明显。

Human capital is one of the most important factors in the competition of comprehensive national strength. As a primary type of human capital investment, the return rate of education often represents the return rate of human capital and accordingly has been studied and measured. In Europe, America and Asia, the rate of return of education showed a trend of decreasing, increasing and diverging respectively around 2000, while the rate of return of education for urban residents in China has been rising since 1980. Through the empirical research on the rate of return of education for urban residents in China from 1995 to 2013, it is found that the rate of return of education has been higher than the rate of return of work experience for a long time, and the gap between the two shows an widening trend. The rate of return of education with a college degree or above shows an obvious upward trend, and after 2002, the rate of return of education with a college degree or above is much higher than that of education with a junior or senior high school degree, thus "high degree-high income" came into being. The policy of college enrollment expansion since 1999 strongly promotes the increase of the rate of return of education for urban residents, especially the rate of return of higher education. In 2002, the first batch of graduates from expanded colleges and universities entered the labor markets, and the income advantage of higher education is obvious.