基于身体的生命政治——阿甘本与尼采

Biopolitics Based on the Body: Agamben and Nietzsche

在阿甘本的生命政治中,“神圣人”的身体揭示了人在现代政治中的主体性危机,人的主体问题成为阿甘本要处理的核心问题。阿甘本对生命政治的讨论以身体为基础,虽然涉及身体的各个方面,但是主要侧重于身体的主体性这一问题。然而,新的主体性结构必然包括传统的主体之外的因素。尼采哲学中对身体的探讨为解除这一危机提供了可能的方向。尼采对身体的探讨不仅包括主体性,还包括兽性与诗性:身体之兽性是生命创造性的潜能;身体之诗性是生命经验的表达;身体之主体性是生命理性的实践。基于对这三个方面的讨论,可以说,尼采哲学中已经形成一种建基于身体的生命政治,该生命政治以身体为基础,建基于对兽性的维护,实现于诗性的发展,完成于主体性的构建,这三方面在身体中同时存在,为阿甘本生命政治中的主体性建构提供了一种多维度的尝试。

In Agamben’s biopolitics,the body of“homo sacer”reveals the crisis of human subjectivity in modern politics,which has become the core issue to be dealt with by Agamben.Agamben’s discussion of biopolitics is based on the body.Although it involves various aspects of the body,it mainly focuses on the subjectivity of the body.However,a new structure of subjectivity must include factors beyond the traditional subject.The study of the body in Nietzsche’s philosophy provides a possible direction to resolve this crisis.Nietzsche’s exploration of the body includes not only the subjectivity,but also the animality and the poetic nature.The animality of the body is the potential of life creativity;the poetic nature of the body is the expression of life experience;the subjectivity of the body is the practice of life reason.On the basis of the discussion of these three aspects,it can be said that in Nietzsche’s philosophy,a kind of biopolitics,which is based on the body,has come into being.This kind of biopolitics is built on the maintenance of animality of the body,implemented in the development of the poetic nature of the body,and completed on the construction of subjectivity.These three aspects exist in a body at the same time,which has provided a multi-dimensional attempt for the construction of subjectivity in Agamben’s biopolitics.