论决胜脱贫攻坚的难点和对策

Difficulties and Countermeasures for Winning the Fight of Anti-Poverty

脱贫攻坚战进入深水区后,挑战与难度日益增加:一是预期维度,由于大规模扶贫下存在“逆向激励”难题,要做好贫困地区和贫困群体的期望引导,并对激励机制进行优化设计,通过设计适度的帮扶制度,减少逆向选择和道德风险。二是经济维度,由于较难兼顾扶贫成本与扶贫效益,要减少扶贫资源浪费,提高扶贫资源供给质量和使用效率,防止扶贫机会成本大幅攀升。三是时间维度,由于短期脱贫与可持续发展存在矛盾,较难处理短期出效益与长期保公平、兼顾减贫速度和脱贫质量,要从注重减贫速度向注重脱贫质量转变,并形成脱贫内生动力。四是标准维度,由于扶持对象与非扶持对象之间界限模糊容易造成“悬崖效应”,要重视临界贫困并对帮扶对象实行动态管理;创新帮扶形式,以发展式、保障式扶持为主,资金扶持为辅;注重风险防控,将风险干预前置;在公共基础设施建设、公共服务提供和集体经济发展时,照顾到边缘贫困人口。对上述问题进行理论和经验阐释,并结合精准扶贫第三方评估实践,提出相关政策建议。

After entering the deep water area,the challenges and difficulties of poverty alleviation are increasing.Firstly,in the expected dimension,there is the problem of reverse incentives under large-scale poverty alleviation.It is necessary to guide the expectations of poor areas and groups,optimize the design of incentive mechanism,reduce adverse selection and moral hazard by designing appropriate support systems.Secondly,because of the difficulty of balancing poverty alleviation cost and benefit in the economic dimension,it is necessary to reduce the waste of poverty alleviation resources,improve the quality and efficiency of the supply and use of poverty alleviation resources,and prevent the opportunity cost of poverty alleviation from soaring.Thirdly,in time dimension,there is the contradiction between short-term poverty alleviation and sustainable development.Since it is difficult to deal with short-term benefits and long-term equity,and to take into account the speed and quality of poverty alleviation,it is necessary to shift from focusing on the speed of poverty alleviation to focusing on the quality of poverty alleviation,and form the endogenous power of poverty alleviation.The fourth is the standard dimension.Because the boundary between the supporting object and the non-supporting object is fuzzy,it is easy to cause“cliff effect”.It is necessary to attach importance to critical poverty and implement dynamic management on the supporting object.The above-mentioned problems are explained theoretically and empirically,related practices are checked in combination with the third-party assessments of accurate poverty alleviation(special evaluation on the withdrawal of poor counties)and corresponding policy recommendations are proposed.