人类辅助生殖技术的伦理思考

Ethical thinking of human assisted reproductive technology

近几十年来,随着生育年龄推迟和生活方式改变,不孕不育的发生率日益升高,已成为影响人类健康的第三大疾病。人类辅助生殖技术是解决上述问题的重要手段,目前常规助孕技术主要分为人工授精和试管婴儿。随着医学和生命科学的不断革新,各种新型技术也相继应用到人类辅助生殖技术之中。然而,人类辅助生殖技术的实施也会伴随一系列社会、伦理和法律问题,特别是涉及到来源为夫妻遗传物质之外的第三方遗传物质的相关技术,如供精人工授精或卵子捐赠,以及代孕问题等,因有悖于传统"血缘"关系、夫妻关系和亲子关系,由此带来的各种伦理问题、以及此类问题的改善办法进行思考和理性反思。

In recent decades, with the delay of reproductive age and the change of lifestyle, the incidence of infertility is increasing, which has been the third disease threatening the human health. Human assisted reproductive technology is an effective solution. It mainly includes artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer(IVF-ET). With the development and innovation of medical science and technology, a variety of new technologies has been applied to human assisted reproduction. However, the assisted reproductive technology has aroused some social, ethical and legal problems as well, especially the ones related to the genetic materials from the third party other than husband and wife, such as artificial insemination donor, egg donation and surrogacy. These technologies are contrary to traditional "blood" relationships, conjugal relation and parent-child relationship. In this article, we make a rational reflection and discussion on these ethical problems and their solutions.