“法术势”结构下中国传统司法审判的制度研判与启示——基于《折狱龟鉴》的反思

The Study and Enlightenment of Chinese Traditional Judicial System Under the Structure of “Fa Shu Shi” ——Based on the Book of Zhe Yu Gui Jian

“法、术、势”的审判理论是中国传统司法审判独有断案原则,倡导礼法结合、执法原情、原情定罪的理念彰显了中国传统司法官员解决纠纷矛盾的智慧。《折狱龟鉴》作为宋代侦查类文集的集大成者,其审判案例能充分体现古代审判官员情理察案,融情理法一体而定刑裁判的司法源流。司法审判不是冷冰的执法行为,亦需追求法律效果与社会效果的协同发展。借助法家“法、术、势”理论的支撑,解析《折狱龟鉴》中典型案例的审判逻辑,总结中国古代传统司法的审判技艺,以期发掘中国传统的司法智慧与司法经验:即严格依法破案、融伦理常情于定案,从而对中国传统司法审判文化有更深切的体悟,为当前的司法审判实践提供可借鉴的有益经验。

The trial theory of“Fa Shu Shi”is the unique principle of Chinese traditional judicial trial.The idea of advocating the combination of etiquette and law,the principle of law enforcement and the principle of original conviction demonstrates the wisdom of Chinese traditional judicial officials' in resolving disputes.As a collection of investigation works in Song Dynasty,the trial cases of the Book of Zhe Yu Gui Jian can fully reflect the judicial origin of ancient judicial officials,emotional investigation and the integration of emotional law and sentencing judgment.Judicial trial is not a cold law enforcement act,but also needs to pursue the coordinated development of legal effect and social effect.With the support of Legalists' theory of “law,technique and potential”,this paper analyzes the trial logic of typical cases in the prison break,summarizes the trial skills of ancient Chinese traditional judicature,in order to explore the traditional judicial wisdom and experience of China:that is,to solve cases strictly according to law,and to integrate the common sense of ethics into the final decision,so as to have a deeper understanding of the traditional Chinese judicial trial culture,so as to provide the current judicial trial with useful experience for reference.