文学批评标准的限度及限度超越——以钟嵘《诗品》的“误判”为中心的探讨

Limitation of Literary Criticism Standards and Its Limitation Transcendence:A Discussion on the“misjudgment”of the Zhong Rong’s Ranking of Poets

不依循某种标准无以展开文学阐释和文学批评。限度之于任何一种批评标准都是必然、实然的存在。从批评标准角度看,钟嵘《诗品》对曹操、陶渊明的"误判"可谓触及文学批评标准限度的批评典例,由其"误判"能够管窥文学批评标准限度的存在形式、现象表现及其批评效应等等,并由此展开关于文学批评标准限度、限度超越以及触及限度的文学批评的思考。《诗品》对曹操的"误判"展露出普适批评标准和体系批评中批评标准的限度问题,《诗品》对陶渊明的"误判"展露出批评标准的内涵局限。文学批评标准的限度以及限度超越在不同的问题域、不同的历史时期探讨,会形成不同甚至是相反的价值论判。对于文学批评标准以及文学批评应该保持限度意识,对于限度和触及限度批评的判定和处理,不宜不加区辨或秉持一种理想主义思维。

Literary interpretation and criticism cannot be carried out without following certain standards.It is inevitable and realistic that there should be a limit to any kind of criticism standard. From the perspective of critical standards, Zhong Rong’s misjudgment in Ranking of Poets against Cao cao and Tao Yuanming is classically typical to touch the standard limitation of literary criticism. Through misjudgment, we can see the existing form, expression and critical effect of the standard limitation of literary criticism,and therefore unfold the thinking of literary criticism on the standard limitation of literary criticism, the limit transcendence and the limitation touching. The misjudgment on Cao Cao in Ranking of Poets reveals the limitation of universal criticism standard and criticism standard in system criticism. The misjudgment to Tao shows the connotation and limitation of the critical standard. The limitation of literary criticism standard and its transcendence in different problem fields and different historical periods will form different or even opposite judgments. Limit consciousness should be maintained in literary criticism and standards. The judgment of limitation and touching of it should be distinguished, and maybe we should not persist in a way of idealistic thinking.