哲学与政治：1931—1949年法兰克福学派的理论嬗变

Philosophy and Politics:The Transformation of the Frankfurt School′s Critical Theory from 1931 to 1949

20世纪30年代初,法兰克福学派的批判理论走在了一条社会哲学的道路上,社会哲学通过对个体经验存在与社会整体结构之间的中介--文化生活的考察,发现社会中主体性成分在急遽衰落,权威主义人格与社会结构之间存在着相互确证的关系。同时,在国家干预手段有效缓解了资本主义经济矛盾的形势下,批判理论认为权力动机取代了利润动机成为国家资本主义发展的主导力量,经济问题的重要性被技术和管理问题所替代,资本主义民主制度还有着更遥远的未来。以《启蒙辩证法》为标志,批判理论已经越出了马克思主义的轨道,表现出对变革的深刻怀疑,它摆脱了黑格尔辩证法"否定之否定"的同一性还原主义传统,转向对非同一性和否定性的深刻确证。尽管这种失去历史根基的批判几乎不可能被实现,它仍保有一种理论乌托邦的希望。

In the early 1930s,the Frankfurt School′s Critical Theory was on the path of social philosophy.As the medium between the individual experience and the overall structure of society,the main object of social philosophy is the cultural life of human beings.The Frankfurt school discover that the subjectivity is declining rapidly.There is a mutual confirmation relationship between authoritarian personality and social structure.Under the situation that political interventions have effectively alleviated capitalist economic contradictions,Critical Theory holds that power motives have replaced profit motives as the dominant force in the development of state capitalism.Economic issues have been replaced by technical and managerial issues.Capitalist democracy has a more distant future.Marked by the Dialectic of Enlightenment,Critical Theory has gone beyond the Marxism,showing profound doubts about socialist revolution.It breaks away from the identity reductionist tradition of"negation of negation"in Hegel′s dialectics and turns to the profound confirmation of Non-Identity and negation.Although this kind of discredited criticism is almost impossible to realize,it still holds the promise of a theoretical utopia.