长期不同施肥处理对红壤稻田土壤性质及晚稻产量与品质的影响

Effects of Long-term Fertilization Treatments on Soil Properties,Rice Yield and Quality in Reddish Paddy Soil

为了探明长期施肥对红壤稻田土壤性质及晚稻产量与品质的影响,以期为南方红壤稻田优质高产协同提升目标下的土壤高效培肥提供理论依据。依托始于1982年的长期定位试验,考察了有机肥(M)、化肥氮磷钾配施有机肥(NPKM)、化肥氮磷钾(NPK)、化肥氮钾配施有机肥(NKM)、化肥氮磷配施有机肥(NPM)、化肥磷钾配施有机肥(PKM)、不施肥(NF)对稻田土壤养分含量、酶活性、阳离子交换能力、籽粒产量构成与稻米品质的影响。结果表明:与NF处理相比,各施肥处理均可不同程度提高土壤有机碳及氮磷钾含量,增强脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性,提升土壤阳离子交换能力,进而提高水稻籽粒产量;进一步比较稻米品质指标发现,施肥可不同程度提高精米率、整精米率、直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,降低垩白粒率和垩白度,使胶稠度变长。其中,以NPKM处理对土壤有机碳、养分及酶活提升效果相对较好,导致该处理籽粒产量最高,其加工、外观、食味和营养品质亦相对更优。由此可见,有机肥与化肥氮磷钾平衡配施不仅能改善土壤理化性状、培肥土壤,而且可协同提升籽粒产量与稻米品质。

To explore the effects of long-term fertilization on soil property and grain yield and quality of late rice, and provide the theoretical basis for promoting the soil fertility under the goals of improving both grain yield and quality in reddish paddy field of Southern China, the long-term experiment initiated in 1982 was conducted to investigate the effects of different fertilization regimes(manure:M;chemical NPK+manure:NPKM;chemical NPK:NPK;chemical NK+manure:NKM;chemical NP+manure:NPM;chemical PK+manure:PKM;no fertilization:NF) on nutrient contents, enzyme activities, cation exchangeable capacities, grain yields and qualities in this study. The results showed that fertilization enhanced the contents of soil organic carbon and the enzyme activities of urease, acid phosphatase, sucrase and cellulase, and increased the cation exchangeable capacities, so improved the grain yields in different levels compared with NF treatment. Moreover, fertilization enhanced the percents of milled rice and head rice, increased the contents of amylose and protein, decreased the chalky grain rate and chalkiness, and lengthen the gel consistency in different degrees. Among them, balanced application of chemical N-P-K and manure had better advantages on enhancing the soil fertility and enzyme activities, which resulted in a higher grain yield and better qualities of process, appearance, flavor and nutrition. In brief, balanced use of chemical fertilizers and manure not only increased the soil properties and fertility, but also synergistically improved the grain yield and quality of rice.