人工智能法律人格探析

On the Legal Personality of Artificial Intelligence

赋予人工智能以法律人格,也就是赋予人工智能以法律规定的权利与义务。现代民法中,法律人格并不局限于生物学意义上的人。"生物人"与"法律人"分离的立法技术肇始于古罗马法时代。法人、国家乃至河流等均因"更有效地实现特定社会需求"而获得了法律人格,成为法律上的"人"。随着机器学习等新技术的兴起,人工智能已突破辅助性工具的角色,拥有了一定程度的自主性。现行法律体系无法解决人工智能自主行为场景中的权利、责任与实际控制人之间的衔接问题。一条可能有效的建议是赋予人工智能以法律人格。人工智能的法律人格应该是一种以法人制度为参考,以限定性、工具性为特征的电子人格。人工智能法律人格的设计,应以人类利益为中心、符合社会伦理规范,并以民法制度稳定性、社会秩序与安全为主要考量因素。源于自然法的伦理性要求不必然成为人工智能法律人格的绝对阻碍,技术局限性也不妨碍法律分析的前瞻性视角。

In modern civil law,juristic persons,countries and even rivers have acquired legal personality and become legal persons so as to realize certain social needs more effectively.The application of new technologies such as machine learning has enabled artificial intelligence to break through the role of auxiliary tools and gain a certain degree of autonomy.In scenarios of artificial intelligence acting autonomously,the existing legal system cannot reasonably explain the legal relationship between rights,responsibilities and actual controllers.A more effective solution is to entitle artificial intelligence with legal personality.That means to give artificial intelligence the rights and obligations stipulated by law,so that it becomes an independent legal subject.The legal personality of artificial intelligence should be an electronic personality which is strictly defined by legislators and takes juristic persons as reference.The design of artificial intelligence’s legal personality should be centered on human interests,conform to social ethical norms,and take the stability of civil law system,social order and security as the main considerations.The ethical requirements stemming from natural law do not necessarily become the absolute obstacles to the legal personality of artificial intelligence.At the present stage,technical limitations such as lack of independent consciousness do not hinder the proactivel perspective of law.