从礼乐到娱乐:清代宫廷戏曲发展演进的一个维度

From Ritual Culture(Liyue) to Entertainment:A Dimension of the Evolution of the Court Drama in the Qing Dynasty

清代宫廷戏曲与国家礼乐文化联系紧密。清代前中期,宫廷演剧主要承担着文化融合、移风易俗、宣扬德政、怀柔远人的政治功能,展现出丰富的礼乐化特性。从清代中后期开始,由于国力衰弱及民间戏曲发展的影响,宫廷戏曲的娱乐性功能逐渐占据主导地位。与此相应,清代宫廷戏曲的审美取向也呈现出由雅变俗、由宫廷转向民间化的演进趋势。到清末时期,皮黄戏在宫廷发展极盛,形成了民间文化主导的戏曲审美风尚。

The court drama of the Qing Dynasty was closely related to ritual culture.In the middle and early periods of the Qing Dynasty,the court drama mainly carried the political function,such as cultural integration,changing the customs,propaganda,and surrendering to foreigners,and showing rich ritual features.From the middle and late Qing Dynasty,due to the weak national power and the influence of the development of folk drama,the entertaining function of the court drama was gradually gaining dominant position.Correspondingly,the aesthetic orientation of the court drama in the Qing Dynasty also showed an evolutionary trend from elegance to custom and from court style to folk style.Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty,Pi Huang opera was flourishing in the court,thus forming an aesthetic and appreciative atmosphere of court drama which was dominated by folk culture.