“文学话”与中国现代文学批评的“言语转向”——以演说体“文学话”为中心

The Notes and Comments on Literature and the Spoken Language Turn of Chinese Modern Literary Criticism—Centered on the Notes and Comments on Literature in Oratory Style

清末以降,“言语文化”的勃兴促使传统意义上“立字为据”式的知识传播方式发生了重大转变,进而带动了现代文学批评“言语转向”的发生。“言语”的正面化落实于现代新生的“文学话”,促使其在修辞方式上回归日常表达,在文体上创造了一种切近“白话演说”的批评形态,同时,也在更为广域的层面上实现了对传统文学批评文体秩序的重整。“言语转向”的发生,浅在层面是探寻新的时代语境中“大众言说”之可能性的必然结果,内在动机却与启蒙思潮深度耦合。在大众启蒙的框架中审视现代文学批评,对“语言与权力”关系的思考不足、对“言语”功能的盲目放大和对言说者身份意识的淡漠是限制其启蒙效用最大化发挥的主要因素。

Since the end of Qing dynasty,the boom of spoken language culture contributed to the significant turn from the traditional way of“written agreement as evidence”to spread knowledge,leading to the occurrence of“the spoken language turn”of modern literary criticism.The change of spoken language was reflected upon the occurrence of“notes and comments on literature”in the Republic of China(1912-1949),prompting it to return to daily expression in terms of figure of speech,and creating a criticism form closest to“colloquial speech”.At the same time,it also made the order of traditional literary criticism style reorganized in wider areas.At first view,the occurrence of the“spoken language turn”was the inevitable result of exploring the possibility of“masses language”in the new era context,but the motivation behind it was deeply coupled with the enlightenment thought.The main factors limiting the maximum effect of the enlightenment thought were the lack of thought of the relations between language and power,the overestimation of the function of the spoken language and the ignorance of the identities of speakers in the framework of public enlightenment of contemporary literary criticism.