关于华阴老腔词汇及语法特点的讨论

A Discussion on the Lexical and Grammatical Features of Huayin Laoqiang

华阴老腔的词汇及语法特点,给人的总体印象是近代汉语加陕西方言的综合体。就词汇来看,华阴老腔用到了如“想是(想必)、应承(答应,承诺)、只管(只顾;只顾并且一直)、几时(什么时候)”等,“想是”等现代陕西方言还在使用。语法方面,华阴老腔用到了如“冤屈”的逆序形式“屈冤”;用到了“颠倒”的“ABA”重叠式“颠倒颠”;华阴老腔的诸如“把山下|把道传”等形式,是普通话所不具备的,普通话一般是“下山|传道”;“不得+V”是“不能V;V不成,V不了”的意思,如“不得活”是“活不了”的意思。华阴老腔的个别词汇及语法特点,在现代陕西方言里已经不用了。

The general impression of Huayin Laoqiang’s lexical and grammatical features is that it is a combination of modern Chinese and Shaanxi dialect.For example,in terms of vocabulary,Huayin Laoqiang uses the modern Shaanxi dialects such as“xiangshi(想是most probably),yingcheng(应承agree,promise),zhiguan(只管just;just and always),jishi(几时when)”,among which“xiangshi(想是)”is still in use.As for grammar,Huayin Laoqiang uses“quyuan(屈冤)”,the reverse form of“yuanqu(冤屈)”,and“diandaodian(颠倒颠)”,the“ABA”type of overlapping form of“diandao(颠倒upside down)”;In Huayin Laoqiang,such forms as“bashanxia(把山下go down the hill),badaochuan(把道传deliver a sermon)”are not available in Mandarin,and the correct form in Mandarin are usually“xiashan(下山),chuandao(传道)”;“bude(不得can’t)+V”means“buneng(不能can’t)+V;V+bucheng(不成),V+buliao(不了)”.For example,“budehuo(不得活)”means“huobuliao活不了(can’t live)”.Some specific vocabulary and grammar of Huayin Laoqiang are no longer used in modern Shaanxi dialect.