三国时期政治哲学研究

On the Political Philosophy during the Three Kingdoms

所谓"政治哲学",就是人们根据善恶、正义与非正义等道德标准,对社会制度作出评价,指出什么样的社会制度是合理的,指导人们建设更美好的社会制度。东汉末年,董卓专权,天下大乱,为平定天下,曹操提出"以道御之"的观点,他对"道"的解释是"天下清",御的方法是"以义动",清除政治腐败,体恤百姓疾苦,恢复农业生产。可是遇到强劲对手,即使居于优势,仍未能实现统一。江东吴国君臣努力寻找其割据一方的合理性,周瑜提出"率义以正天下"。可是,东吴的"义",主要是用来批评和指责对手,并非自己追求的社会理念,因此,在夺取荆州之后,在江东豪强的左右之下,固守江东,政治上逐渐趋向腐败和暴政,"义"的理念自然流为空想和虚伪。"兴复汉室"是蜀汉领导层追求的最高目标,是蜀国政治哲学理念,具体实施原则是刘备的"济大事必以人为本",因此,蜀汉得以建立基业。可是,蜀汉实力不足,北伐困难重重,根本无力取代魏国。加上"汉室"在东汉末年腐败至极,并非理想社会,当汉朝灭亡,三国鼎立之时,"兴复汉室"的主张失去了号召力,最终必然失败。

We selected some main articles and speech from the History of Later Han Dynasty, the History of the Three Kingdoms, the History of the Jin Dynasty, Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government and the Zhuge Liang’collected works to abstract Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Zhuge Liang’s political views, especially the categories of political philosophy, such as,’Dao’,’Yi’,’Qing Ping’,’Gong’,’Zheng’, etc. We combined with their political practices, try to explain the reasons of their success and defeat. We evaluated the modern value of these categories from a perspective of political philosophy.