论工场手工业分工与资本统治

On Labor Division in Workshop Handicraft Industry and Capital Domination

长期以来,学术界对工场手工业分工这一资本主义特有的分工方式没有给予应有的重视,忽视了它对资本统治确立的重大意义。工场手工业分工与社会分工有着本质的区别,体现在二者的起点不同,所生产的产品的性质不同,分工的中介不同,生产资料的分布方式不同,分工所服从的权威不同,生产的计划性和规则性不同。正是工场手工业分工使劳动对资本由形式隶属逐渐向实质隶属转变,从而奠定了资本的统治,推动了资本主义社会的建立。具体说来,工场手工业分工实现了生产资料的节约,极大地提高了劳动生产率,使越来越多的生产资料和生活资料转化为资本,从而大大加速了资本积累和资本扩张。工场手工业分工使工人成为资本家手工工场的附庸以及后来的机器的附庸,并进一步把工人变成畸形物,使服从资本家权威成为工人的日常观念,使工人分成不同的等级,从而建立了资本的微观权力机制,实现和加强了资本对工人的无形控制。

There are essential differences between the labor division in workshop handicraft industry and the social labor division,such as the differences in the starting points,the quality of products,the intermediary,the distribution of means of production,the authority to obey,and the planning and regularity of production.It is the labor division in workshop handicraft industry that transforms the subordination of labor to capital from formal subordination to substantial subordination gradually,thus establishing the capital domination and promotes the building of the capitalist society.The labor division in workshop handicraft industry makes the workers subordinate to the capitalist workshops and later to the machine,turns the workers into monstrosities,makes obedience to the authority of the capitalists the daily concept of the workers,and divides the laborers into different ranks.All of these lead to the building of the mechanism of micro power of capital,which realizes and strengthens the invisible control of laborers.