“生活需要”的政治经济学分析

A Political Economy Analysis on “Living Needs”

"生活需要"是历史唯物主义和马克思主义政治经济学的基本范畴,也是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的逻辑起点。马克思虽未清晰界定"生活需要",但是却从不同角度讨论了生活需要的类别和体系,使"生活需要"范畴在马克思从事劳动价值理论、剩余价值理论以及危机理论研究时发挥着"隐秘的主要作用"。借鉴马克思的理路,我们从需要的主体、客体、层次及其可满足性等角度来划分生活需要的类型,具体讨论共同需要、个体需要、家庭需要及其满足方式,即政府、企业和家庭等制度安排的作用。中国特色社会主义政治经济学的理论构建,必须坚持历史唯物主义的基本原则,吸收西方经济学的科学成分,以"生活需要"为逻辑起点,沿着"生活过程-生活需要-生产过程"的逻辑线索,全面剖析人们的各类生活需要与各类生产组织和生产活动及其调节机制,揭示中国特色社会主义市场经济运行的一般规律。

"Living needs"is a basic category of historical materialism and Marxist political economy,and also the logical starting point of political economy in socialism with Chinese characteristics. Although Marx didn’t define "living needs"clearly,he discussed the type and system of living needs from different perspectives,which made this category play a "main secret role"in Marx’s study of labor theory of value and surplus value,and crisis theory. Taking Marx’s approach as the reference,we classify the type of living needs from perspectives of the subjective,objective and level of needs and its satisfiability,and discuss in detail common needs,individual needs and family needs and ways to satisfy them,which means functions of system arrangements for governments,enterprises and families. The theoretical construction of the political economy in socialism with Chinese characteristics must adhere to the basic principle of historical materialism,absorb scientific elements of western economics,take "living needs"as the logical starting point,completely analyse all kinds of people’s living needs,all kinds of productive organizations and activities and their regulatory mechanism along the logical clue of " living process-living needs-productive process",and bring to light the general law in the operation of socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics.