清代地方官与甘肃士人的教育养成

The Local Officials in the Qing Dynasty and the Education and Cultivation of Gansu Scholars

师承关系的交代是硃卷和部分会试同年齿录的重要内容,主要由“受业师”和“受知师”构成。一般认为“亲受指示讲读者为受业师”;参与士人科举各层级考试的阅卷者为受知师。地方官列名“受业师”的情况在硃卷和会试齿录中多见,表明他们在士人的教育养成中发挥了一定的影响和作用。关于这一点,在地方其他文献中也能得到印证。传统教育以“文治”作其别称,强调的实际是它的政治功能。自汉代“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”之后,历代政治追求的理想状态是社会秩序的和谐,教育也就是在传授相关的规范知识,这在实践中就形成了“政教相维”的特点。因此,“官师不分”情形的出现应该从这里寻找其致因。

The description of the teacher-bearing relationship was an important part of Zhu juan and some of Tong nian chi lu who were mainly composed of Shouye teacher and Zhiyu teacher.Shouye teachers were generally considered that the reader was the teacher who receives the instruction;Zhiyu teacher who take part in the examinations at all levels of the imperial examinations of the scholars.The local officials'listing of Zhu juan and Tong nian chi lu were Often seen,which Showed that they had played a certain role in the education and cultivation of scholars.About it,was confirmed in other local literature.The traditional education used“the rule of culture”as its nickname which emphasizing its political function.Since the Han Dynasty“deposed the various schools of thinkers,only respected Confucianism”,successive dynasties political pursuit of the ideal state was the harmony of social order.Education was to impart relevant normative knowledge,which in practice had formed a“Politics and education interlinked”characteristics.Therefore,the emergence of“no distinction between officials and teachers”should look for the cause here.