日本垃圾处理：政策演进、影响因素与成功经验

Waste Management in Japan:Policy Evolution,Influencing Factors and Successful Experience

日本是世界上开展垃圾分类最早、成效最显著的国家,其垃圾处理政策经历了“末端处理→源头分类→回收利用→循环资源”的渐进式演进脉络,反映了日本对“垃圾”的认识由“废物”向“资源”的转变过程。影响生活垃圾减量化效果的政策因素主要有分类数量、分类成本、回收频度和收费价格等;经济因素主要有人口密度、人均可支配收入、第三产业特征和家庭特征等。日本垃圾处理取得了巨大成功,其经验主要有:构建完备的法律体系,做到严格执法;体现污染者付费原则,实行有偿回收;遵循扩大生产者责任原则,发挥社会合力。

Japan is the earliest and most effective country in the world to carry out waste classification.Its waste management policy has experienced a gradual evolution of"terminal treatment→source classification→recycling utilization→recycling resources",which reflects the transformation process of Japan's under-standing of"waste"from"garbage"to"resource".The policy factors that affect the reduction effect of domestic waste mainly include classification quantity,classification cost,recovery frequency and charging price,etc.,while the economic factors mainly include population density,per-capita disposable in-come,characteristics of the tertiary industry and family characteristics,etc.Japan has made great success in waste management,the main experiences are:to build a complete legal system,to strictly enforce the law;to reflect polluter pays principle,to implement paid recycling;to follow the principle of expanded producer responsibility,to play a social force.