航天飞行中的病症和损伤

Diseases and Injuries in Spaceflight

航天飞行期间,正常及故障条件下航天员均有可能发生病症和损伤。其中部分病症由航天飞行环境引起的生理功能紊乱所导致,另一部分是地面上也会同样发生的临床病症和损伤。汇总了国内外航天飞行中出现过的病症和损伤,从发生率和严重程度上区分为常见的一般病症和损伤以及较严重的应急病症和损伤,并详细论述了空间运动病、头痛、背痛、睡眠障碍、感染性疾病、外伤、耳/鼻窦气压性损伤、航天飞行相关神经-视觉综合征等一般病症和损伤及心律失常、肾绞痛、尿路感染、Ⅱ度烧伤、化学性肺炎等应急病症和损伤的病因、发生率、对任务的影响和典型病例,以期为制定长期航天飞行疾病谱提供参考。

During spaceflight,astronauts may suffer from diseases and injuries under normal and fault conditions.Some of the diseases are caused by physiological disorders caused by spaceflight environment,while others are the same clinical diseases and injuries that also occur on the ground.This paper reviews and summarizes the diseases and injuries that have occurred in spaceflight at home and abroad.They can be divided into common diseases and injuries as well as more serious emergency diseases and injuries in terms of incidence and severity.The causes,incidence,impact on missions and typical cases of space motion sickness,headache,back pain,sleep disorders,infectious diseases,trauma,barotraumas(ear/sinus block),space flight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome(SANS)and other common diseases and injuries,as well as emergency diseases and injuries such as arrhythmia,renal stone,urinary tract infection,second-degree burns,chemical pneumonitis are discussed in detail to provide references for the formulation of disease spectrum for long-term spaceflight of space station missions.