从“朝贡”到“土贡”：明清西南土司内地化的一个侧面

FROM "TRIBUTE" TO "TUGONG":A STUDY ABOUT THE GAI-TU-GUI-LIU OF THE SOUTHWEST CHIEFTAINS IN MING AND QING DYNASTIES

明清时期西南土司朝贡存在向土贡转变的过程。明初西南土司的朝贡与流官地区的土贡有着本质区别;明中后期朝廷频繁整顿土司的朝贡活动,出现"土贡化"趋势;雍正"改土归流"前后,土司朝贡正式完成了"土贡化"的转变。明清时期朝贡"土贡化"的转变历程,表面上是朝贡的政治功能弱化、经济功能强化,是西南土司地区的赋税逐步被纳入国家统一管理的过程,但本质上是西南少数民族地区与内地流官地区差距缩小的过程,也是中央政府对该地区从过往的间接统治到直接统治的转变过程,在此过程中西南地区逐渐内地化。

During Ming and Qing Dynasties,the tribute of the Southwest Chieftain was transformed to Tugong.In the early Ming Dynasty,the tribute was essentially different from that of the Liuguan area.In the middle and late Ming Dynasty,the court regularly rectified the tributary activities,and the trend of"tributarization"appeared.Before and after Yongzheng’s"Gai-tu-gui-liu",Tusi tribute formally completed the transformation towards"Togong".The process of tributary"tugong"transformation in Ming and Qing Dynasties is apparently the change of tributary function from political to economic role,and the process of southwest economy being gradually integrated into the unified management of the state;but in essence,it is the process of narrowing the gap between southwest minority areas and inland officials,and the process of central government’s transformation from indirect domination to direct domination in this area.In the process,Southwest China gradually became affiliated and became an integral part of traditional China.