葡萄园果蝇的发生及综合防治研究进展

Research progresses on occurrence and control of Drosophila in vineyard

果蝇因种类多、分布广、寄主广、繁殖力强,世代历期短,近年已成为葡萄的重要害虫之一。葡萄果蝇幼虫不仅蛀食果实,导致果实逐渐软化以致变褐色,还能导致微生物的二次侵染,诱发酸腐病,严重影响葡萄的品质和产量。现已发现危害葡萄的果蝇有7种,其中以黑腹果蝇为优势种,其次为斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇。在山东地区,7月初是斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇的发生高峰期,而黑腹果蝇发生高峰期为8—9月上旬。就不同葡萄品种来说,黑腹果蝇成虫对4个葡萄品种巨峰、马奶、无核白和红提的嗜好程度无显著差异,幼虫对红提的嗜好程度显著高于巨峰、马奶和无核白;斑翅果蝇和叔白颜果蝇对于金手指等早熟品种以及果皮较薄的葡萄品种具有更强的趋性。本文依据葡萄园主要果蝇的种类、生物特征、生活习性、发生规律和危害习性,并从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治和生物防治等方面总结分析了其综合防治措施,以期为葡萄园果蝇的可持续控制提供理论和技术支持。

Drosophila species had the biological characteristics of species diversity,wide distribution and hosts,strong reproduction and short generation period.In recent years,Drosophila species had become one of the most important pests in grape berries.Seven species of Drosophila have been found in the vineyards.The dominant Drosophila species were D.melanogaster,D.suzukii and D.triauraria.D.suzukii and D.triauraria occured in the ripening stage of early-maturing grape variety,which could cause the softening and browning of fruits.The number of D.melanogaster reached the peak in the post-maturation stage of grape,which was one of reasons for sour-rotten symptoms and seriously affected the quality and yield of grapes.The tendency of fruit flies to grape was closely related to the grape varieties and Drosophila species.For example,there was no significant difference for the tendency of the D.melanogaster adult to grape varieties mentioned in previous studies.However,D.suzukii and D.triauraria had stronger tendency to early ripening varieties such as′Gold Finger′and the grape varieties with thinner skins.Moreover,the comprehensive strategies of controlling fruit flies were analyzed from many aspects,such as agricultural control,physical control,chemical control and biological control,which can provide the theoretical and technical support for the control of Drosophila species in vineyards.