修辞构式“尬+X”的竞争演变与定型

The Competition Evolution and Finalization of Rhetorical Structure “Ga（尬）+X”

近年来,“尬”作为一个语素经常出现在词头,并且逐渐形成一个固定的“尬+X”类构式。通过对相关语料的搜集、整理与分析,我们发现该构式的定型过程为:从初始时“尬[斗]+N”(“尬[斗]”的语义关联为前面的施事)和“尬[尴尬]+V自主”(“尬[尴尬]”的语义关联为其后的“V自主”)两种结构并存使用,到演变为“尬+X”结构。对于前两种结构中的常项“尬”,“尬[尴尬]”是无标项,“尬[斗]”是有标记项。两种结构在竞争过程中,语义上无标记的常项“尬[尴尬]”逐渐取代了语义上有标记的常项“尬[斗]”,最终形成了“尬[尴尬]”的语义关联为后指“X”的“尬[尴尬]+X”构式。从语用学和认知语言学的角度,对该构式的生成机制进行了解释,并认为语用原则和典型范畴扩张是修辞构式“尬+X”定型的动因。

In recent years,as a morpheme,the“ga(尬)”has often appeared at the beginning of the word,and gradually formed a fixed“ga(尬)+X”structure,through the collection,collation and analysis of the relevant data.We find that the formative process of this kind of construction is:from the initial“ga[awkward]+V[autonomy]”(“ga[awkward]”semantic relevance to the“Vautonomy”)and“ga[fight]+N”(“ga[fight]”Semantic association is the former agent)and the two structures are used side by side.For the usual term of these two structures,“ga[awkward]”is unmarked and“ga[fight]”is marked.Two structures are competing In the process,the semantic unmarked constant term“ga[awkward]”gradually replaces the semantically marked constant term“ga[fight]”,and finally forms the semantic association of“ga[awkward]”as the“ga[awkward]”+X construction of“X”.This paper explains the formation mechanism of the construction from the perspective of cognitive linguistics and pragmatics,and holds that pragmatic principles and the expansion of typical categories are the motivations of the rhetorical construction“ga(尬)+X”stereotype.