世界历史视角下马克思对殖民与东方社会关系的考察——兼论中国道路的探索和超越

Marx’s Research on the Relation of Colonialism and the East Road in Terms of World History——Also on the Exploration and Transcendence of China’s Road

马克思在不同时期从世界历史角度对殖民与东方社会关系进行了考察。19世纪50年代马克思比较注重英国殖民在东方社会“双重使命”的积极作用;到70年代末,他转而强调殖民对东方土地所有制的瓦解实际上摧毁了走向社会新形态的内生因素。从主张外部力量刺激到从公社内部寻求东方社会新的因素的增长点,东方社会在世界历史中开始由隐性走向显性,完成了由被动从属到主动构建的角色转换。中国在历史上曾经沦为西方资本的半殖民地,中国道路的探索与形成经历了对资本的抵抗、隔离和超越的过程,是马克思关于落后国家发展路径多样化的探索在历史实践中的科学论证。

Marx’s attitudes changed on the different periods of the relation between colonialism and the east road in terms of world history.In 1850s,Marx emphasized British colonialist’s double mission in east society and its positive effect;in 1870s,he stressed that the collapse of colonial land ownership in the east had actually destroyed the endogenous factors leading to a new social form.From advocating the stimulation of external forces to seeking the growth point of new factors inside communes,the east society began to change from recessive to dominant in world history,and completed the role transformation from passive subordination to active construction.China was a semi-colony of western capital in history.The exploration and formation of China's road has undergone the process of resistance,isolation and transcendence of capital.It is a scientific demonstration of Marx's exploration on diversification of development paths of backward countries in historical practice.