上确界副词“顶多”“至多”的主观性差异及其表现

Subjectivity Differences and Manifestations between Supremum Adverbs “dingduo” and “zhiduo”

"顶多""至多"是汉语中一组常见的近义副词。从句法形式、语义特征、语用功能三个方面具体论证二者的主观性差异,结果为:在句法方面,二者的差异性主要表现在对被饰成分的选择、同现词语、句类分布等方面。在语义方面,二者在情态取向上存在不对称性,"至多"可作用于明确主观、非明确主观、非明确客观、明确客观四个情态取向层级;而"顶多"则只能作用于前三个层级,因此不能表达明确客观的"最大限度"。在语用方面,由于主观性较强,"顶多"在表达认识情态、道义情态、感叹语气、反问语气、主观小量、否定评价时,其语气强度要明显高于"至多";"顶多"倾向于分布在"主观语体"中,而"至多"则倾向于分布在"客观语体"中。

"dingduo" and "zhiduo" are a group of common synonyms. Syntactically, the difference between the two is mainly reflected in the selection of the decorative components, co-occurrence words, and sentence type distribution. Semantically, there is asymmetry between the two in terms of modality. "zhiduo" can be applied to four levels of modality as explicit subjective, non-explicit subjective, non-explicit objective, and explicit objective, while "dingduo" the first three levels. Thus it cannot express the explicit objective "maximum". In terms of pragmatics, because of the strong subjectivity, when expressing cognitive modality, moral modality, exclamatory tone, rhetorical tone, subjective small amount, and negative evaluation, "dingduo" expresses the tone intensity significantly higher than "zhiduo". In addition, "dingduo" tends to be distributed in "subjective style", while "zhiduo" in "objective style".