国际司法与谈判协商的互动——基于国际法院实践样本的考察

The Interaction between International Adjudication and Negotiation: An Exploration Based on the Adjudication Practice of the International Court of Justice

在国际争端解决过程中,司法手段与外交手段虽然性质迥异、各有千秋,但并非互不相关或者互相排斥。然而,两者在实践中的广泛互动关系却被学界严重忽视。作为一种灵活的争端解决方式,谈判协商不仅可以贯穿国际司法程序始终,而且可能与司法功能互相补充、互相影响。以国际法院司法实践为视域,在司法程序前,谈判协商有助于澄清争议事项及其范围,并在一定条件下构成法院受理或管辖案件的先决条件;在司法程序中,谈判协商可能是司法鼓励的结果,同时可能改变诉讼进程与实质判决;在司法程序后,一方面司法判决有助于推动当事国进一步谈判协商的政治意愿,并为后续谈判协商的内容与方向提供了法律框架,另一方面谈判协商对于澄清和解释判决之意涵、协调和敦促判决之遵行具有积极作用。由此,国际司法与谈判协商相互补充、相得益彰,共同促进国际争端得以和平、有效、最终解决。

In the process of international dispute settlement,judicial means and diplomatic means differ greatly with distinctive merits,but they are not completely incompatible or mutually exclusive.However,the extensive interaction between them in practice has been seriously ignored by the academia.As a flexible means of dispute settlement,negotiation not only penetrates through the process of international adjudication,but also interacts with the latter in different phases.From the perspective of the judicial practice and procedures of the International Court of Justice,prior negotiation is helpful in clarifying the scope and subject of a dispute and under certain conditions constitutes a precondition for the jurisdiction and admissibility of the case to the Court.Negotiation during proceedings may be the result of judicial encouragement,but it may also change the procedures and decisions of the Court.In the post-adjudicative phase,the judgment promotes the political will of the parties and provides a legal framework for further negotiation;on the other hand,negotiation exerts a positive impact to the interpretation of,compliance with and enforcement of the judgment.In this way,international adjudication and negotiation complement each other and jointly promote the peaceful,effective and final settlement of international disputes.