康德道德哲学的两面性——阿多诺的分析及其启示

On the Two Opposite Sides of Kant’s Moral Philosophy: Adorno’s Analysis and Its Revelation

对阿多诺来说,康德从形而上学的层面上来讨论道德问题,但是却隐秘地包含了经验的内容,这导致了康德的道德哲学中包含许多无法克服的内在矛盾。一方面康德认为,道德法则是给定的,是先验的理念,另一方面,这种给定的道德原则其实不过是弗洛伊德意义上的超我的内化,是神学精神的内化。而这种内化的神学精神与资本主义社会中的工具理性的原则相一致。在康德的道德哲学的基础中,一方面,他把自由规律和自然规律对立起来,另一方面,又潜在承认自由规律和自然规律的一致。这可以从他的自然概念的两种不同含义中表现出来。当康德认为给定的道德规范是自明的的时候,康德在实践理性和思辨理性之间的关系方面陷入了一种矛盾。他既要把这两者区分开来,又试图在一定程度上把这两者等同起来。而康德关于道德自明性的设定又恰恰取消了道德中的反思要素。最后康德对善良意志的理解也陷入了矛盾。在康德那里,作为欲求能力的意志处于感性和理性之间,它既是冲动,又抑制冲动。这种意志行动的结果不可能完全是善良的,也可能是恶的。

For Adorno,although Kant’s moral philosophy is at the metaphysical level,it still has empirical content.And this causes the unsolvable inner contradiction in Kant’s moral philosophy.On the one hand,moral law is given,and is transcendent idea;on the other hand,the given moral principles are actually the internalization of the superego of Freud,and are internalization of theological spirit.The internalized theological spirit is in accordance with instrumental reason in capitalist society.At the base of Kant’s moral philosophy,on the one hand he puts the law of freedom and the law of nature in opposition;on the other hand,he implicitly acknowledges the conformity of the two different laws.When Kant thinks that moral norms are self-evident,he also falls into a conflict about the relation between practical reason and speculative reason.He wants to differentiate them as well as put them in accordance.Kant’s postulation of the moral self-evidence precisely neglects the reflective element of the moral.Finally,Kant’s understanding about good will also falls into a contradiction.For Kant,will as a kind of ability of desire is between sense and reason,it is both impulsion and suppression of impulsion.The result of this kind of will could not be only good,it could also be evil.