Web2.0环境下的认知系统与知识系统协同建构机理

Collaborative construction mechanism of cognitive system and knowledge system under the Web 2.0 environment

随着Web2.0的发展,知识建构呈现出新的特征:用户不再是单纯的知识“接收者”,还是知识“创造者”,知识建构由单向的认知建构向双向的认知和社会协同建构转变。本文在分析了Web2.0环境特征的基础上,结合认知建构主义与社会建构主义理论,提出Web2.0环境下的认知系统和知识系统协同建构模型,揭示了其中的认知与社会的协同建构机理。阐述了其中知识内化与知识外化的双向建构过程,个体的认知系统是通过内部同化拓展认知结构,通过内部顺应学习改变其认知结构,进而通过外部同化和外部顺应建构知识系统。其中认知冲突能够促进内部顺应和外部顺应的发生,是推动认知系统和知识系统协同演化的关键因素;而作为两个系统相互作用的中介的交流与沟通则是解决个体之间以及群体之间认知冲突的主要方式。最后,以维基百科为例对模型进行了进一步的解释。

With the development of Web 2.0, social software provides a platform for the interaction between cognitive construction of cognitive systems and social construction of knowledge systems. The two systems are no longer separated, and the construction of knowledge changes from one-way construction to collaborative construction. On the one hand, users construct knowledge systems. On the other hand, knowledge systems also affect users’ subjective knowledge structure. Since the cognitive construction of cognitive systems is unified with the social construction of knowledge systems, cognitive constructivism focuses on the process of construction from the outside, which we call it the "internalization of knowledge" process;while social constructivism focuses on the external construction process, we call it the "externalization of knowledge" process. The two processes alternate to promote the transfer forward of knowledge. This synergy and interaction between cognitive systems and knowledge systems makes knowledge construction a new feature: users are constantly participating in the construction of social knowledge while enriching and perfecting their own knowledge. They are not only the recipients but also the creators of information, and the knowledge construction is transformed from unidirectional(i.e. cognitive construction) to bidirectional construction(i.e. cognitive and social synergistic construction). Therefore, considering the combination of cognitive constructivism and social constructivism to study the mechanism of knowledge construction in the Web 2.0 environment has become a hot topic of the constructivism research. Constructivism is a kind of conception or epistemology. It is a framework for formation, operation and nature of human thoughts, concepts and knowledge. In recent years, the study of constructivist theory has focused on two aspects: the first is cognitive constructivism based on individual construction and the second is social constructivism based on social construction. Among them, the main point of cognitive constructivism is that knowledge is the core, subjective and active construction of cognitive subjects and used to reflect individual experience, and only exists in the individual mind;social construction pays attention to the individual background and communication to the process of knowledge construction and its role is mainly focused on the use of language in the process of knowledge construction. At present, relevant researches on knowledge construction in the Web 2.0 environment are mainly divided into two categories: The first mainly studies the influencing factors and laws of the social construction of knowledge in the Web 2.0 environment on the construction of individual cognition;The second mainly studies the influencing factors and laws of the social construction of knowledge in the Web 2.0 environment on the construction of collective knowledge. Since cognitive constructivism mainly focuses on individual knowledge without considering the influence of environment, while social constructivism focuses on the background of individuals and the influence of communication, this paper combines cognitive constructivism and social constructivism to help elaborate the process of knowledge construction in the context of Web 2.0.In the Web 2.0 environment, knowledge construction has become a bidirectional construction of internalization and externalization. It is a collaborative process of cognitive construction and social construction: when individuals have the need to acquire knowledge from the knowledge system, they internalize and reconcile the knowledge in the knowledge system through internal assimilation and internal accommodation to change or reorganize their existing cognitive structures;when users need to introduce their knowledge into the knowledge system and create knowledge through interaction, they will use communication and contribute your knowledge through external assimilation and external accommodation. Due to the openness of the Web 2.0 environment, the online community has a large number of individuals with cognitive structural heterogeneity. The heterogeneity of this cognitive structure leads to cognitive conflicts between different individuals on the same objective things. This kind of cognitive conflict will provide motivation for cognitive construction and social construction process in the community, which will promote the interaction and evolution of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. Therefore, the two processes of cognitive construction and knowledge construction must be closely combined to make the construction process clearer. In summary, in this paper, by combining the characteristics of the web 2.0, starting from the perspective of coordination, based on cognitive constructivism and social constructivism theory, we proposes a collaborative construction model of cognitive system and knowledge system in Web 2.0 environment, reveals the collaborative construction mechanism of cognition and society, and systematically expounds the bidirectional construction mechanism of knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization and the collaborative construction mechanism between individual cognitive structure and knowledge system. Finally, this paper uses the English Wikipedia article "evolution" as a research sample to conduct an in-depth analysis of the entire collaborative construction process of cognitive systems and social systems in the Web 2.0 environment.This paper draws the following conclusions:(1) In the context of Web 2.0, cognitive systems is based on cognitive construction and knowledge systems is based on the social construction, respectively. Cognitive systems and knowledge systems are constantly moving forward in collaborative construction.(2) In the context of Web 2.0, knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization are two important processes in the collaborative construction of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. In the process of collaborative construction, cognitive conflict can promote the occurrence of internal accommodation and external accommodation, and it is the key factor to promote the coordinated evolution of cognitive systems and knowledge systems. Communication and communication as an intermediary between the two systems is the main way to resolve cognitive conflicts between individuals and between groups.The academic contributions of this research are as follows:(1) From the perspective of constructivism, the collaborative construction model of cognitive system and knowledge system in Web 2.0 environment is proposed, which combines cognitive constructivism with social constructivism theory and reveals the bidirectional construction mechanism of knowledge internalization and knowledge externalization in the Web 2.0 environment;(2) combining the cognitive construction of individuals with the social construction of knowledge, expounding the driving force of the collaborative construction of cognitive systems and knowledge systems in the context of Web 2.0 and the mediating role of collaborative construction, reveals the mechanism of knowledge collaborative construction in the Web 2.0 environment, thus enriching the theoretical study of constructivism.