蒙藏佛教异同辨析

The Similarities and Differences between the Mongolian and Tibetan Buddhism

现在学术界一般认为,蒙古佛教就是藏传佛教,蒙文《大藏经》即为藏文《大藏经》原封不动的译本。这种说法似乎已成定论。其实,佛教传入蒙古之后,即在特定的草原气候环境、萨满教思想文化氛围中孕育成长起来,融摄了萨满教的名词概念、祭祀仪轨、价值判断和思维方式。这就决定了蒙古佛教从内容到形式都迥异于藏传佛教。自十三世纪伊始,古印度佛教、回鹘佛教、汉地佛教和藏传佛教先后传入蒙古。构成了蒙古佛教的多元文化奇观。蒙文《大藏经》中不仅有译自藏文的经卷,还收纳了直接译自梵文、回鹘文和汉文的佛经。这些佛经的跋文中有详细介绍,与史籍记载相互印证。足以证明蒙文《大藏经》绝非藏文《大藏经》原封不动的译本。

The present academic field argues that the Mongolian Buddhism was the Tibetan Buddhism,and the Mongolian text of Tripitaka was the straight translation of the Tibetan Tripitaka. However,the Buddhism had developed in the particular environment of the steppe climate and the shamanism culture after it spread into the Mongol areas. The Mongolian Buddhism absorbed the terms of the Shamanism,the worshiping rituals,the value judgment and the thinking form. It decided that the Mongolian Buddhism was different from the Tibetan one both in the content and the form. Since the 13 th century,the Buddhism of the ancient India,Uigur,Han-Chinese areas and Tibet successively spread into the Mongol areas,it shaped the peculiar phenomenon of various cultures. The Mongolian text of Tripitaka not only had the Buddhist writing volumes which translated from the Tibetan,but also included the volumes which translated straightly from the languages of the Uigur,Sanskrit and Han-Chinese. The prefaces of the Buddhist writing had very detailed introductions which could proved by the historical documents. In a word,this paper argues that the Mongolian text of Tripitaka was definitely not the straight translation of the Tibetan one.