论胡适对孔子易学的逻辑建构——从正名方法的角度看

Logical Construction of Confucius’s Teachings of the Changes by Hu Shi:From the Perspective of Rectification of Names

作为孔门的哲学方法,正名具有校定语义与效法类推的逻辑功能。胡适将正名的两种功能渗透于以"易""象""辞"为基本观念的孔子易学建构中:(一)生生变化之"易"包含由简至繁的发展秩序,为易学中的效法、类推提供逻辑基础;(二)效法自然之"象"的卦爻"象",是圣人效法、类推从而创造种种器物制度、伦理道德的根据;(三)揭示卦爻象吉凶善恶以指引人类行动的"辞",作为逻辑判断命题,其效用的发挥有赖于语义的校定。然而,胡适以正名方法进行的逻辑建构并不局限于易学,他进一步将易学推扩到人生与政治领域,使孔子的人生哲学与政治哲学成为其易学的延伸。最终,孔子哲学成为囊括自然、人生、政治诸领域的广义的易学哲学。

As a philosophical method used by Confucius(551-479 BCE), rectification of name possesses logical functions of calibrating semantics and reasoning by analogy, which were applied to the construction of Confucius’ s scholarship on the Changes by Hu Shi(1891-1962) with change, image, and statement as its three basic concepts. First, change manifested by producing and reproducing contains an evolutionary order from simplicity to complexity, which provides a foundation for simulation and reasoning by analogy;second, the hexagram and line images derived from the simulation of natural phenomena became the basis for the sages to simulate and reason by analogy, through which they invented tools and established institutions, ethics, and morality;third, the efficacy of guiding human action in the hexagram and line statements as judgment propositions depends on semantic calibration. However, what Hu Shi had logically constructed through the method of rectification of names was not confined to Changes scholarship, as he further extended this idea to the field of politics, and saw Confucius’ s philosophy of life and political philosophy as an extension of his teachings of the Changes. At last, Confucius’ s philosophy turned out to be a generalized Changes-oriented philosophy including the fields of nature, human life, and politics.