“凑片为业”与明清农户土地的“连片化”——兼论传统乡村地权研究的可能走向

Shared Farming with Patches of Fields and Integration of Farming Land in the Ming and Qing Dynasties:On Possible Trend of Traditional Rural Land Rights Studies

关于传统乡村土地占有和经营的“零碎化”的讨论,学界认为,导致“零碎化”的主要原因,一是土地占有的不平等,使得少地、无地者只能租佃土地,二是分家与诸子继承制、土地买卖使得土地分割、零碎。其实从另外一个角度来看,田邻之间通过土地买卖、调换、租佃等方式,可以实现土地所有、经营的“连片化”;此外,还存在不少分家不分业的“共业”现象,既由两个或更多的业户共有一块土地,避免了土地的分割、零碎。农村土地占有和经营的面貌,是“连片化”与“零碎化”共同作用的结果。明清以来南北各地的土地文书显示,过去人们认为引发土地“零碎化”的土地买卖、诸子分家、租佃制等因素,同时也有可能是诸多限制、制约土地“零碎化”促成“连片化”的因素,二者相互作用,共同制约着地权向集中或分散单一方向的无限发展。这对重新认识中国传统农村地权分配集中与分散的具体机制、地权分配集中程度以及长期趋势、农户的经营规模具有重要意义。重视地权分配的空间特征,是未来传统乡村地权研究的可能走向。

The inequality of land rights is held in academic community as the main reason for fragmentation of traditional village land tenure and its management.Farmers with few or without any land could only pay to use land.To make it worse,the division of a family gives rise to the inheritance of the land and the sale of the land,thus leaving the land divided and fragmented.From another point of view,through the sale,exchange and land renting among neighbors,eventually realized is the"integrationn of land ownership and management.In addition,there exists a shared fanning pattern,consisting of two or more households sharing the same piece of land,to avoid division and fragmentation of their fanning land.The ownership and land farming are the consequences of both integration and fragmentation of land.Land documents of various places since the Ming and Qing Dynasties show that such factors as land sale,the division of a family to live apart and the tenancy system,these are thought to trigger the fragmentation of the farm・ing land,and may help the integration of land by imposing many restrictions on the fragmentation of farming fields.The factors interact and work jointly to help the infinite development of land rights in a single direction of centralization or dispersion.It is of great significance to rerecognize not only the specific mechanism of the centralization and dispersion of land in China's traditional mral areas,but the degree of centralization,the trend and the scale of farming by the mral households.Future study in this respect should pay attention to spatial characteristics of land distribution and its possible direction.