美国地方政府治理的特点及问题

The Characteristics and Problems of American Local Government Governance

美国地方政府类型多样,有县政府、乡镇政府、市政府、学区政府与特区政府之分。受独特的历史传统、参与性的政治文化等因素的影响,美国地方政府在治理的过程中,呈现出以下三个特点:政府形式上的多样性和灵活性、治理模式上的企业化以及治理权力上的高度自主化。美国地方政府治理为联邦政府和州政府的治理打下了较好的基础,成为培育公民意识的学校以及政策创新的实验室。然而,美国地方政府治理中也存在着零碎化、同质化和移民居住集中化的问题,这些问题加剧了美国的社会矛盾,成为美国社会撕裂和政治危机的根源之一。

There are many types of local governments in the United States,including county government,township government,city government,school district government and the government of federal district.Influenced by the unique historical tradition and participatory political culture,local governments in the United States present three characteristics in the process of governance,namely,the diversity and flexibility of government forms,the entrepreneurship of governance modes,and the high degree of autonomy of governance power.Local government governance in the United States has laid a solid foundation for the governance of Federal and State governments,and has become a school for the cultivation of civic awareness and a laboratory for policy innovation.However,there are also problems such as fragmentation,homogenization and centralization of immigrant residences in the governance of local governments in the United States.These problems have deepened the social contradictions in the United States and become one of the root causes of social cleavages and political crisis in the United States.