儒家孝道的历史命运——两汉至晚清中国传统孝道的演变

The Historical Development of Confucian Filial Piety:From the Han to the Late Qing

儒家孝道渊源有自来,它的远源,乃是从孝观念的产生到孝道的正式形成这一时期的孝文化,跨越了十分悠久的历史年代;它的近源,便是作为礼乐文化核心的西周孝道。儒家孝道不仅是家庭伦理,更是由血缘关系推衍出来的社会政治伦理,其核心是君君臣臣、父父子子的等级制度,因而适用于父系血亲的集权制政体。两汉以后,在中国长达二千年的集权制帝国时代,历代王朝无不尊崇孝道,孝道成了中国的真正国粹、历代王朝的治国之本,深刻地影响了中国政治制度的走向与中华文明的特质。本文以中国历史发展为线索,论述自汉至晚清两千年间中国传统孝道传承、演变、发展乃至解体的一般过程,以概见儒家孝道的历史命运和礼乐文化对中华文明总体走向之巨大影响。

In the distant sense,Confucian filial piety arose from the filial piety culture formed during the period when the concept first occurred to its official establishment;and in the near sense,it arose from the filial piety that constituted the core of the Western Zhou ritual and music culture.It was not only a form of familial ethics,but also a social and political ethics derived from blood ties,with the ruler-minister and father-son hierarchical system as the core,so it was applicable to imperial China’s power-centralized regime of patriarchal consanguinity.It was upheld and taken as a principle for ruling from the Han dynasty onward,and had a great impact on the direction taken by China’s political system.This paper,based on the progression of Chinese history,gives an account of the inheritance,development,and dissolution of filial piety from the Han to the late Qing to review its fate and the influence of ritual and music culture on Chinese civilization.