情境预防视阈下首都社区安全治理——基于北京市23个社区的调查分析

Capital Community Security Governance from the Perspective of Situational Prevention:an Analysis of a Survey of 23 Communities in Beijing

情境预防理论表明首都社区安全治理绝不能仅依赖警察为主体的国家强制力,而应通过社区情境的优化来达到"无为而治"的社区治理效果。基于对北京市23个社区的调查分析,发现社区物理环境显著影响着社区安全度,楼房社区-自住平房-公寓-出租平房形成自高至低的社区安全梯度,因此情境预防应融入社区物理环境的规划-设计-建设-维护流程。另外,社区社会情境同样显著影响着社区安全度,社会治安综合治理机制与社区警务机制作为安全网络的双重支柱,应由压力型体制下单向执行转向双向互动网络,而基于互联网与物联网的社区大数据平台应构成社区神经系统与实时自动监测系统。

The theory of situational prevention shows that capital community security governance must not relyon the coercive force of the state with the police as the main body, but should achieve the"governing by non-in-terference"effect of community governance by optimizing the community situation. Based on the analysis of asurvey of 23 communities in Beijing, it is found that the physical environment of a community has a significantimpact on the degree of community safety and that building community-self-occupied bungalow-apartment-rented bungalow form a community safety gradient from high to low. Therefore, situational prevention shouldbe integrated into the planning – design – construction-maintenance process of the physical environment ofa community. Additionally, the social situation of a community also significantly affects the degree of communi-ty safety. As the twin pillars of the security network, the comprehensive governance mechanism of public securi-ty and community policing mechanism should be changed from one-way execution under the pressure-type sys-tem to two-way interactive network, while the community big-data platform based on the Internet and IoTshould be as the community nervous system and real-time automatic monitoring system.