谢林自然哲学与其哲学体系的内在关系

On the Internal Relationship between Schelling’s Philosophy of Nature and His Philosophical System

自然哲学是将自然科学提升到理性的精神领域而成为哲学体系的一部分,这项任务的首次完成是在谢林哲学中。在德国古典哲学的发展中,谢林在哲学体系上完成了由康德和费希特的主观唯心主义向主、客观同一的绝对唯心主义的转向,在这一“转向”中,自然界成为“绝对”内容的客观存在样态,从而使自然上升到了精神领域,宣告了谢林自然哲学的诞生。“绝对”是一切知识的根据,自然哲学只能出自并在绝对同一体系中得到理解和认识。因此,自然哲学的产生与谢林的哲学体系之中存在着密切的逻辑关联性,而自然哲学与哲学体系的这种相关性对于之后的黑格尔和恩格斯都产生了极其重要的影响。

The philosophers of German classical philosophy believe that the highest knowledge is the basis of all logic and is also looking for the basis of epistemology.Kant’s transcendental self-perception and Fichte’s pure transcendental self are both to find the basis for knowledge in subjectivity.Schelling takes“absolute identity”as the basis of all knowledge and completes their transcendence.One of the direct results of transcendence is to make nature rise to the spiritual field,that is,to produce Schelling’s“philosophy of nature”.Schelling’s natural philosophy is a kind of“absolute”idealism,only in“absolute”can we develop a true and all-inclusive knowledge,but natural philosophy can only from and is understood and understood in the absolute identity system.It is a complete,indivisible philosophy.“Absolute”has a speculative meaning,for the classics not only made natural philosophy a part of philosophy,but also directly affected the dialectical structure of Hegel’s speculative philosophy system,until Engels'Dialectics of Nature completed the materialist transformation of natural philosophy.