主家在梅州客家民居中的屋式选择与变通策略

House-owners’Role in the Selection of House Form and Its Flexibility in the Construction of Hakka Folk Houses in Meizhou,Guangdong Province

在梅州地区的民居营建中,主家、地理先生和匠师是三个最主要的角色。现有民居研究对房屋营建主体的关注多集中于地理先生和匠师及其建造技术,主家的参与作用及影响未得到充分体现,这在一定程度上使得作为复杂文化现象的生活空间组织被简单化为“风水决定论”或物质空间形态类型“模型”的套用。文章着眼于梅州客家民居建造过程中主家对屋式的影响,分析在传统祖堂观念、用地和经济条件、联合建房成员构成的多样性、自身海外阅历与生活观念变化等因素影响下,主家对屋式的能动选择与灵活变通策略。试图解读梅州客家的多样屋式所承载的丰富涵义,指出主家的“在场”之于民居研究的重要性。

In the construction of a traditional residence in Meizhou,the house-owner,the fengshui master and the craftsmen play the most important role.However,existing studies have mostly focused on fengshui masters and craftsmen as well as their techniques,while the role and the influence of house-owners are underestimated.Living space organisation,as a complicated cultural phenomena is thus simplified into the application of geomantic determinism or type models.This paper focuses on the influence of house-owners on form selection and its variations,exploring the organisational strategies in the selection of the house form and its creative adaptation by a house-owner to meet various intentions and realistic conditions.The studied aspects include the relationship with the ancestor hall and local identity recognition traditions,the constraints of the land and the expense,differences in the composition of members who join in building a house,and the changing concept of the lifestyle with overseas experiences.The paper aims to understand the rich connotation of the house form and the value of house-owners in the research of traditional dwellings.