南侗地区“带禾晾禾仓”的建造技艺及其影响因素初探

Building Craft of Granaries with Drying Racks in the Southern Dong Area,China

在贵州东南部与广西北部的南侗聚居区,基于糯稻种植的传统,用于晾晒糯稻的“禾晾”成为侗族村落中常见的构筑物,当地工匠将禾晾与储存稻米的禾仓结合即形成“带禾晾禾仓”,在贵州黎平登岑与广西三江高定两个村落还保留有一定数量的这类构筑物。文章选取登岑与高定两地6座典型的带禾晾禾仓作为样本,进行了全面测绘和工匠访谈。调研发现:首先,带禾晾禾仓的建造方式不同于一般民居建筑;其次,两地的带禾晾禾仓因地形差异而在规模与空间形态上有所不同,并进一步表现出结构方式与细部做法上的差异。因此,文章针对带禾晾禾仓的空间布局、结构方式与细部节点开展了专项研究,旨在解读带禾晾禾仓建造技艺的独特性,以及侗族工匠如何使用不同的技术做法应对在不同环境限制下的建造需求。

In the cultivation tradition of sticky rice in Dong villages of Southeast Guizhou and North Guangxi,it is common to see drying racks for hanging sticky rice during harvests.Some local carpenters integrated drying racks with granaries into a new type of granary:granaries with drying racks.Two Dong villages,Dengcen in Liping,Guizhou Province and Gaoding in Sanjiang,Guangxi Province,still preserve some of this type of granary.Based on detailed measurements and interviews with local carpenters,this article takes six typical granaries with drying racks as examples.It reveals that first,the construction method of granaries with drying racks is different from residences.Second,scales and spatial layouts of the granaries in the two villages are varied according to different terrain conditions,and further present differences in structural types and details.Hence a study targeted on spatial layouts,structures and details of granaries with drying racks is carried out in order to further understand the uniqueness of construction techniques for granaries with drying racks,and how Dong carpenters developed different technical approaches to meet the construction challenges under different environmental restrictions.