第十二王朝时期埃及对努比亚的政策与王权的加强

Egypts Policy towards the Nubia and the Strengthening of Kingship during the 12th Dynasty

包括第十二王朝在内的中王国时期被埃及学家称为“封建时期”,其最重要的特征就是地方州长的权力过大,他们不仅掌握各个诺姆的行政及宗教权力,拥有自己的军队,而且州长的职位可以在同一家族内世袭,这种绝对权力所带来的独立性极大地削弱了埃及的中央集权体制。在此背景下,从阿蒙尼姆海特一世开始,第十二王朝的法老们仍然致力于不断开拓埃及的南部疆界,通过建造沿尼罗河的要塞链而将下努比亚并入埃及的疆域。为征服努比亚而投入的大量人力物力非但没有使处于不稳定状态的埃及分崩离析反而使辛努塞尔特三世时期埃及中央集权制得到了较大的发展,这主要表现为规模宏大且装饰精美的地方州长墓以及其主要头衔"伟大首领(great overlord)"的消失。这种不合常规的结果显示出,对努比亚的征服不仅没有削弱以法老为首的中央朝廷,反而成为削弱地方诺姆势力的重要手段。

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt,including the 12th Dynasty,was called wfeudal period"by Egyptologists.The most important feature of this period is the strong power of local governors who not only master the administrative and religious affairs of each Nome,but also have their own army.Moreover,the position of the governor was inher让ed within the same family.Therefore,the high degree of independence brought by this absolute power had greatly weakened Egypt's centralized system.However,in this context,from the beginning of Amenemhat I,the pharaohs of the 12th dynasty were still committed to continuously expand the southern border of Egypt by building a fortress chain along the Nile to merge the lower Nubia into Egypt.While,the large amount of manpower and material resources invested in conquering Nubia did not cause the collapse of an unstable Egypt,but led to the final strengthening of the centralized system of Egypt in the time of Senusret III,in which period local governors*large scale of decorated tombs and their uppermost title Mgreat overlord"disappeared・This unconventional result shows that the conquest of Nubia did not weakened the court headed by Pharaoh,but became an important way to weaken the local power.