分位与分叙:文武分途与唐前期散官体系的演进

Separating Official Level and Duty: Separating Civil Administration and Military & the Evolution of Official Level System in the Early Tang Dynasty

武德至贞观年间是唐代散官体系发展的重要时段,贞观十一年是唐代散官文武分途的重要时间节点。唐太宗为了建构具有“贞观”色彩的政治生态,不仅将“散号将军”更易为“武散官”,而且使文、武散官品阶完整而平衡。唐太宗在贞观年间所兴起的“封禅”意图成为唐代散官文武分途之契机,贞观十一年所拟定的封禅仪典推动了贞观朝政治礼仪秩序的构建。在唐王朝“偃武修文”政治理念影响下,武散官的品阶、叙迁等制度比照文散官设计,体现“文”之于“武”在制度层面的先导优势。

The period when Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty were in regime is crucial for the forming of Official Level System of Tang Dynasty and the 11th year of Emperor Taizong(AD 637)represents an important time node.Emperor Taizong,for the sake of building political ecology with characteristics of his regime,not only replaced Sanhao Generals(ritual generals with no military power)with Military Official System,but also worked to perfect and balance Official Level System of Civil and Military Officials.During his time in regime,Emperor Taizong took the opportunity of offering sacrifices to the heaven and formulated related ritual in AD 637 which propelled the political ritual order of his regime.Influenced by the principle of“stressing civil administration over military”and based on those of civil administers,the designing of military systems including official level,evaluation and promotion demonstrates the advantages of the latter over the former in system.