没有公众的公共空间：北京大栅栏院落调整中的国家与个人

Public Space Without Public:State and Individual in Courtyard Space in Dashilar,Beijing

本文采用社会学干预的研究方法,在北京大栅栏的院落空间调整中讨论了公共空间的含义与公共重建的问题。与西方将公共空间作为具有政治或社会意义的公共生活不同,大栅栏的居民从所有权出发将公共空间定义为国家财产,又在使用中逐渐侵占并瓜分了这些在管理上被忽视的国家空间。这既是住房等公共服务欠缺的结果,也被历史形成的国家与个人关系所建构,公共空间因此充满了各类行动者在日常生活与社会实践中的互动。本文将介绍两个强干预的社会行动案例,它们分别以"孵育社会生活"和"划分公私边界"为思路进行院落空间调整实验,但前者失败,后者成功。结论部分对此进行反思并指出,公共重建需要调整空间中的国家与个人关系,并建立公共空间使用的规则。

In this paper,the meaning of public space and the problem of public reconstruction are discussed through an experiment study of community formation and courtyard space adjustment in the old neighborhood of Dashilar in Beijing(2014-2017).Unlike the western theoretical circles,which generally regard public space as public life with political or social significance,the courtyard of Dashilar is a public space shared by several families but with little social life,and the neighbors are acquainted but remain strangers and the relationship can be tense and often in open conflicts.The paper begins with the perspective of“the property rights of public space cognition,management and usage”to sort out the historical process of Dashilar courtyards from stateowned urban space in the 1980sto privatized properties in the later years.In this process,even though residents understood that public spaces like courtyards and hutongs wereowned by the state,they still gradually encroached and divided these administratively neglected public spaces for private use.The act of encroaching on public spaces by residents is not only the result of housing shortage,but also influenced by the historical relationship between the state and the individual.Under such circumstances,the public space is no longer a mere functional material space,but is full of interaction between various actors,revealed both in the expansion of private space by individuals in daily life and in the"public disturbance"events by collectives in the construction of space.The experiment in this paper introduces two strong social interventions of“rebuilding social life”and“defining the public and private boundaries”to facilitate courtyard space adaptation.The two experiments ended in failure for the former and success for the latter respectively.This tells us that public reconstruction is not just about rebuilding social interaction between people,but also about adjusting the state-individual relationship and establishing the rules of living together in public space.