动物疾病谱系与社会人类学(1870-2000)

A Genealogy of Animal Diseases and Social Anthropology(1870–2000)

捕杀、疫苗接种与疫情监测是现代公共卫生用于管理可能传染给人类的动物疾病的3种主要技术手段。在微生物如何在人类与动物之间建立关系的问题上,这3种技术有着各自不同的本体论理解。因此,动物疾病不仅是一个应用人类学问题,还涉及学科的理论核心,即理解社会因果关系是如何从物理因果关系中产生的。为了澄清这一观点,通过考察赫伯特·斯宾塞对口蹄疫的研究;威廉·罗伯逊·史密斯结合牛结核病所思考的献祭概念;埃米尔·涂尔干是如何将接种天花疫苗作为社会病态的隐喻;以及克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯对疯牛病的研究。通过他们对动物疾病传播给人类风险的不同理解,即从预防到防治,再到防范,来分析4位学者对社会这一概念的理解。

Culling,vaccinating,and monitoring animals are the three main techniques used in contemporary veterinary public health to manage animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans.Each technique is underpinned by different ontological understandings of how microbes figure in relations between humans and animals.Therefore,animal diseases are not only a question for an applied anthropology but also involve the theoretical core of the discipline:that is,understanding how social causality emerges out of physical causality.To defend this argument,the article describes what Herbert Spencer wrote about foot-and-mouth disease;what William Robertson Smith thought about sacrifice in the context of bovine tuberculosis;how Emile Durkheim took vaccination for smallpox as a metaphor for the pathologies of the social;and what Claude Lévi-Strauss wrote about mad cow disease.The conceptions of the social in the writing of these four authors are analyzed through their understanding of the risk of transmission of animal diseases to humans,moving from prevention to precaution to preparedness.