近三十年来印度侨汇的增长及有关政策影响

Growth and Policy Implications of Indian Remittances in the Past Thirty years

近几十年来,印度持续保持全球第一大侨汇收入国地位。1975~2017年,印度侨汇年平均增长率达8.8%。印度侨汇的持续增长主要受全球化的便利、海外印度人汇款渠道多样化、印度经济改革及外汇管制政策放宽、海外印度人结构变化等综合因素的影响。在影响印度侨汇增长的各种社会经济和人口因素中,用来衡量家庭经济状况的每月人均消费支出、与祖籍地的距离远近、在目的国停留的时间这三个变量对海外印度人的侨汇影响较大。除此之外,海外印度人与祖籍地家庭的社会纽带较强,对印度社会发展产生了积极作用,亦成为推动海外印度人持续保持侨汇增长的主要影响因素。基于此,印度政府通过相关配套政策积极鼓励侨汇增长,在《移民法案》和《移民出境规则》等法律法规保护海外印度人基本权益的基础之上,进行侨务机构的改革和整合。通过海外印度人促进中心和总理全球印度人咨询委员会的高层次沟通平台,集中开展与海外印度人的沟通合作。印度政府还实绝了免征服务税,发行基础设施建设债券等一系列推动侨汇向投资转变的举措,旨在借助侨汇推动印度经济社会的进一步发展。

India continues to retain its position as the leading recipient of remittances in the world for the past decades.By evaluating remittances of 1975~2017,the average growth rate of Indian remittances has reached 8.8%.India’s dominant position in remittance receipts is influenced by a series of factors.This paper further explores the factors responsible for this exponential gain,focusing on the effects of government and commercial bank policies,the shift in emigration patterns,change in exchange-control policies,and more options for money transfers.Questionnaire survey shows MPCE,distance of sending countries and duration stay are crucial for motivation of remittances.Moreover,close relationships between Overseas Indians and their motherland played positive roles in promoting social development of India.As a result,Indian government implemented several policies to increase remittances under the protective framework of Emigration Act and Emigration Rules.By Prime Minister’s Global Advisory Council and OIC,Indian government kept close communications with Overseas Indians in manner of exemption from Conquest Tax,bonds to promote infrastructure construction.Policy initiatives by the government and banking institutions have achieved a large sustained level of remittances to promote the strength of the India economy.