云南边疆少数民族地区村域多维贫困测度及空间分异研究

Rural multidimensional poverty measurement and spatial differentiation in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in Yunnan

边疆少数民族地区的农村贫困治理一直是脱贫攻坚战略中最难啃的"硬骨头",揭示村域农村多维贫困时空分异规律,对于促进边疆少数民族地区农民脱贫增收具有重要意义。该文以云南省镇沅县为研究对象,在构建村域多维贫困测度指标体系的基础上,运用多维贫困测度模型、Moran指数、地理探测器模型等方法,对镇沅县109个村的多维贫困程度、空间格局以及主导因素进行研究。结果表明:镇沅县村域多维贫困程度较高,有55个村处于高贫困水平,空间格局表现为"东西高、南北次高、中心低"的结构特征,即贫困程度较高的村集中于东部的哀牢山区和西部、北部的无量山区,贫困程度较低的村主要集中于以县城为中心的恩乐镇、按板镇东部和古城镇北部地区;空间关联格局研究表明,镇沅县村域多维贫困空间上存在着显著的集聚特征,集聚的低值中心主要分布在中部恩乐镇和按板镇,集聚的高值中心主要分布在西部的振太镇;影响镇沅县村域多维贫困空间分异的主导因素包括人均耕地面积、25°坡度以上耕地面积比例、有无出村公交线路、到县政府驻地车程时间、农药使用强度、地质灾害强度、土地流转面积比例、贫困人口比例、年人均纯收入等。地方政府应该根据区域优势资源,制定合理且有针对性的扶贫策略。

With years of large-scale poverty relief and development, the poverty-stricken population in China’s rural areas has declined sharply and the situation of poverty has been effectively relieved. However, the task of poverty relief and development is still arduous due to a large cardinal number in poverty population. In particular, the poverty governance in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities has always been the most difficult "hard nut" in the strategy of poverty alleviation. Revealing the multidimensional poverty degree and spatial differentiation rules in the rural areas is conducive to promoting poverty alleviation and development work and poverty alleviation and income increase of poor farmers in border areas. Taking Zhenyuan county of Yunnan Province as an example, this paper studied the multidimensional poverty degree, and its spatial pattern and leading factors of 109 villages in Zhenyuan based on the multidimensional poverty evaluation index system by the multidimensional poverty measurement model, Moran index, Geodetector and other mathematical methods. The results revealed that: the degree of multidimensional poverty in Zhenyuan was higher, 55 villages are at high poverty levels, and the spatial pattern is characterized by "high poverty in the East and West, followed by the South and North, and low poverty in the middle";The multidimensional poverty in the rural areas of Zhenyuan county has a significant spatial agglomeration feature. The high-value centers of agglomeration are mainly distributed in Enle town and Anban town in the middle, while the low-value centers of agglomeration are mainly distributed in Zhentai town in the west;The main factors affecting the spatial differentiation of multidimensional poverty in Zhenyuan include the arable land per capita, the proportion of arable land over 25°, the traffic situation out of the village, the driving time to the county government residence, the intensity of pesticide use, the intensity of geological disasters, the proportion of land circulation area, the proportion of poverty stricken population and the annual per capita net income. Therefore, the local governments should formulate reasonable and targeted poverty alleviation strategies according to regional advantage resources. First, coordinate the flow of resource elements among the regions, increase the investment in the higher poverty level area, solve the problems of education, medical treatment and housing of poor farmers, prevent the phenomenon of returning to poverty due to education, disease and housing. Second, it is necessary to develop characteristic industries according to the resource advantages in different areas of Zhenyuan, the central region should vigorously develop pig, vegetable and other characteristic industries, and the eastern and western regions should focus on the development of flue-cured tobacco and forest economy. Third, vigorously implement the policy of poverty alleviation and relocation. The most direct and effective way to improve the bread-and-butter issue of the farmers in the ecologically fragile areas of Zhenyuan county is to carry out the relocation of ecological poverty alleviation.