中国农作物秸秆资源分布及其产业体系与利用路径

Distribution of crop straw resources and its industrial system and utilization path in China

中国具有丰富的农作物秸秆资源,推进农作物秸秆综合利用,不仅可减少田间焚烧环境污染、消除火灾隐患,还可增加农民收入、改善农村人居环境、促进农业可持续发展。基于中国大陆地区各省级行政区的统计数据,探讨了中国农作物秸秆资源构成与空间分布特征。玉米、水稻、小麦三大粮食作物秸秆占全国秸秆资源总量的84.8%;秸秆资源总体呈现出"东高西低、北高南低"的阶梯状分布特征。统揽中国秸秆产业发展全局,系统梳理并深入解析了中国秸秆产业政策体系、市场体系、技术体系和监管体系发展历程和现状。分别以单一利用、综合利用、战略布局和区域统筹为鲜明特征,将秸秆利用政策历程划分为政策起步期(1979-2007年)、政策发展期(2008-2012年)、政策转型期(2013-2016年)和政策深化期(2017年至今)。系统阐释了中国农作物秸秆农业利用、能源化利用和高值化利用的主要路径与模式。该研究可为指导中国秸秆资源开发利用提供重要的基础支撑和决策参考。

There are many types of straw and a large amount in China, and it is the world’s largest producer of crop straw, accounting for nearly one-fifth of the global straw resources. Returning to the field is the dominant way of straw utilization in foreign countries. The use of straw in developed countries is sufficient, and the problem of waste and field burning is basically eliminated. "If no use, they will be harmful." Owing to factors such as rural economy, social development level and agricultural production conditions, the supply of crop straw resources in China shows a stage, structural and regional excess, and the pressure on straw burning in the field is high. The corn straw resources are mainly distributed in the northeast and north China, extending along the diagonal to the southwest;the distribution of rice straw resources appears north and south poles;the wheat straw resources are centered on Shandong and Henan. We need analyze the structure and distribution characteristics of China’s straw resources, and promote the comprehensive utilization of straw technology, that can not only reduce the environmental pollution of field burning, eliminate fire hazards, but also increase farmers’ income, improve rural living environment, and promote sustainable agricultural development. Based on the statistical data of provincial-level administrative regions in China, the characteristics of the composition and spatial distribution of crop straw resources in China were discussed. Straw stalks of corn, rice and wheat accounted for 84.8% of the total straw resources in the country;straw resources generally showed a step-like distribution characteristic of "east high and west low, north high south low". The development history and current situation of policy system, market system, technical system and regulatory system for China’s straw industry was analyzed deeply based on the overall study of straw industry development. The process is divided into policy initiation period(1979-2007), policy development period(2008-2012), policy transition period(2013-2016), and policy deepening period(2017-present), and they characteristics were single utilization, comprehensive utilization, strategic layout, and regional coordination, respectively. Finally, the system explains the main path and basic model of agricultural utilization, energy utilization and high value utilization of crop straw in China. Taking the fertilizer utilization as the core, the agricultural technology path of straw was explained and the basic pattern of straw agricultural utilization model was drawn. This research can provide important basic support and decision-making reference for guiding the development and utilization of straw resources in China.