民企发展视野下集资诈骗罪“非法占有目的”司法认定从宽适用的路径选择

Judicial Determination of “Illegal Possession Purposes” in the Crime of Fund-raising Fraud and Selection of Leniency Application from the Perspective of Private Enterprise Development

当前集资诈骗罪中“非法占有目的”的司法认定还存在三个误区:一是使用诈骗方法非法集资就被认定具有“非法占有目的”;二是占有集资款后出现经营困难而携款潜逃就被认定具有“非法占有目的”;三是只要出现集资款不能返还的客观结果就直接被认定具有“非法占有目的”。对此,在促进民营企业发展的背景下,对集资诈骗罪中“非法占有目的”的认定需要结合商事思维、商事特性选择从宽适用。一是对使用集资诈骗方法非法集资餉情形,需要结合集资活动处于商事场域的特殊“晶性”认定是否具有“非法占有目的”,而不能一概而论。二是在获得集资款时间界点之前、之时还是之后,也不是认定集资诈骗罪“非法占有目的”有无的必然要件,而是要根据具体案情区别认定。三是在不能返还非法集资款的情形下,行为人并非一定具有“非法占有目的”,需要区别不同情况判断:如果出现无法预见的客观事由阻却返还情形时,不能认定具有“非法占有目的”;如果认定具有“非法占有目的”却不能“排除合理怀疑”,可以按照刑法谦抑原则选择从宽,不认定具有“非法占有目的”。

There are three misunderstandings in the judging of“illegal possession purpose”in the crime of fund-raising fraud:one is the use of fraud methods to raise funds illegally;another is absconding with funds;still another is the objective result that the fundraising funds cannot be returned.Under this condition,the“illegal possession purpose”in the crime of fund-raising fraud needs to be liberally applied in combination with commercial thinking and commercial characteristics in the context of promoting the development of private enterprises.First,the situation of illegal fund-raising by means of fund-raising fraud needs to be considered with the special“character"of the fund-raising activities in the commercial field to determine whether it has the"purpose of illegal possession”,which cannot be generalized.Secondly,before,when,or after the time limit for obtaining fundraising funds,it is not an inevitable requirement to determine the existence of the“illegal possession purpose”of fund-raising fraud crime,but it must be determined on the bases of specific circumstances of the case.Thirdly,in case that the illegal fundraising funds cannot be returned,whether the actor has the purpose of“illegal possession”needs to be judged and differentiated in different situations.If there is an unforeseen objective reason that prevents the return,it cannot be deemed to have an “illegal possession purpose”;if it is clear to have an illegal possession purpose“but cannot exclude reasonable doubt”,one can choose to be lenient in accordance with the principle of moderation in criminal law and not to determine it as“illegal possession purpose”.