对“敲诈勒索罪”的理论反思与改进——以中德刑法比较为视角

Theoretical Reflection and Improvement of Extortion Crime——Comparison of Criminal Laws between Chinese and Germany

刑法对敲诈勒索罪采取了简单罪状的立法模式,引起刑法理论对于"处分行为"是否是必要构成要素的争议以及在此之下如何认定处分自由的问题。采取"被害人处分不必要说"的立场,以及"双层次处分自由"的认定标准,会导致特殊个案中处罚的不均衡以及犯罪既遂的认定具有模糊性。因此,应当在坚持"被害人处分必要说"立场的同时,由立法明文规定将抢劫性敲诈勒索作为一种特殊的行为类型并处以抢劫罪的法定刑或者视情况将其作为敲诈勒索罪的情节严重或者情节特别严重的具体情形之一。

In Chinese criminal law,simple legislation is adopted to address the crime of extortion,which arouses dispute over whether the victim's disposal of property is a determinant element and the subsequent problem on how to judge the freedom of disposal.Now two arguments are prevalent,one is that the victim's disposal of property is an unnecessary factor;the other is that there are two layers in the freedom of disposal.Either would result in unbalanced punishment in special cases and indeterminacy in identifying a completed crime.Therefore,while upholding the principle of that the victim's disposal of property is a necessary element,the criminal law should classify robbery of extortion as either a special crime to which the law applies or one of especially serious manifestations of extortion,depending on specific circumstances.