组织化的土地流转:虚拟确权与农村土地集体所有权的激活

The Organized Path of Land Transfer: Virtual Land Titling and the Activation of Collective Land Ownership

通过对皖南阳春县"确权确股不确地"的虚拟确权模式进行分析,讨论了两个问题:一是农地的"虚拟确权"有哪些实践特征,它如何强化了集体土地所有权;二是在虚拟确权基础上的组织化土地流转是以怎样的机制运转的。对组织化的土地流转的讨论,是基于与另外两种常见的土地流转模式--行政化的和市场化的土地流转--相对比而展开的。在虚拟确权模式下,农户拥有的不再是具体地块,而是量化的股权。在确权方案的制定中,村民自治发挥了重要作用,由于村民自治与土地集体所有权相辅相成,土地集体所有权在此过程中也得到了强化。在虚拟确权的基础上,阳春县实行了组织化的土地流转。这种土地流转有两个重要的实践机制:一是通过"化零为整"的方式实现了对土地的整合,二是通过村民动员的方式实现了对小农户的组织。无论在土地流转价格的协商中,还是在土地流转风险的控制上,小农户都被组织起来与大户进行谈判,这不仅使小农户拥有了更多议价权,也使他们探索出"土地保证金"制度,降低了大户毁约弃耕的风险。在阳春县的虚拟确权和土地流转实践中,集体土地所有权得到了激活,这种激活也有利于保护小农户的利益。

Based onthe analysis of the virtual land titling practice in County Yangchun of Anhui province,this paper first explores the characteristics of virtual land titling practice,and how it reinforces the collective land ownership. Moreover,this study also examines the dynamics of the organized path of land transfer. After the virtual land titling practice,an individual household gains an ‘equity’instead of tangible farmland. In the discussion of the land titling plans,the village self-governance principles have played important roles. As a matter of fact,the village self-governance and the rural collective land ownership have reinforced each other. Predicated on the virtual land titling,County Yangchun has explored an organized path of land transfer,which is driven by two mechanisms. First,the village committees integrate the scattered land-use rights and solve the problem of land fragmentation. Second,the village committees organize the villagers by political mobilization. Individual households have participated in both the negotiation of land transfer fee and the control of risks in land transfer,which not only enhances the individual households’ negotiation power,but also promotes them to propose a ‘margin system’to lower the risks. In the practice of virtual land titling and land transfer in County Yangchun,the collective land ownership has been reinforced,which also helps to protect the benefits of small households.