旅游发展引导下依附型乡村的城市化及其演化特征分析——以河南五家台村为例

Analysis of Urbanization and Evolution Characteristics of Dependent Villages Led by Tourism Development

文章以河南省云台山景区内的五家台村为"依附型乡村"的典型案例,采用观察、访谈等定性研究方法,通过梳理旅游引导下五家台村的城市化过程,分析了依附型乡村的城市化条件和路径以及城市化演化特征。研究发现,在内部通达性和村民发展意识培育的条件下,依附型乡村可以通过供给旅游配套产品而走上城市化道路,但同时也呈现出了依赖性脆弱和替代性脆弱的演化特征,乡村社会、地方政府、外来资本等各利益相关者都应该保持对这种脆弱性的理性认识。文章还指出,以五家台村为依附型乡村的典型案例揭示出的脆弱性演化特征并不能概括所有的乡村旅游地类型,需要在后续研究中关注另一类"目的地型乡村"的案例,以进行归纳和对比。

Along with the rapid development of domestic tourism activities, the power of "touristification" has changed and reconstructed the economic and social structure of rural areas and guided the realization of rural urbanization. As the direct carrier and place of tourism activities, rural tourism destinations have no unified classification standards at home and abroad. There are many classification perspectives and elements, and lots of them overlap. Therefore, this article proposes to classify the types of rural tourism destinations according to the different sources of rural tourism attraction. In the dynamic mechanism of tourism leading rural urbanization, rural tourism resource endowment is an important driving force. That is, rural areas generally need to have tourism resources, which can form attractiveness and become a tourist destination. In this case, we can call such villages as "Destination Village". However, China’s rural areas are vast and the types of villages vary widely. In reality, it can be found that some villages do not have tourism resources. However, because they are attached to a core tourist attraction in a spatial location, urbanization in these villages has also occurred through the provision of accommodation, catering, shopping, etc. This kind of village can be regarded as "Dependent Village". This article makes an explanatory study of Wujiatai village in the Yuntai mountain scene area of Henan province, which is a typical case of "Dependent Village". By using qualitative research methods such as observation and interview, the author summarizes the urbanization process of Wujiatai village under the guidance of tourism from five aspects:the huge contrast before and after the improvement of location conditions,the rapid realization of rural urbanization, the escape of foreign operators, the concern of improved external accessibility and the dilemma brought by rural urbanization. Through the analysis of the case study results of Wujiatai Village, this article summarizes the urbanization conditions of dependent villages into the cultivation of internal accessibility and villagers’ development consciousness, and concludes its urbanization path to provide supporting tourism products for villagers to transform their production and life style. This article further summarizes the characteristics of the vulnerability evolution of such villages, including the dependence vulnerability caused by the high binding with the attached tourism destination and the substitution vulnerability caused by homogeneous competition. The article points out that without a rural tourism resources by attachment in a core scenic spot also can seize the opportunity of the development of rural urbanization, but the development of the tourism destination evolution and market characteristics of the dependent also decided the existence of vulnerability, rural society, the local government, the foreign capital and so on various stakeholders should keep rational knowledge of this vulnerability. The article also points out that the evolution characteristics of vulnerability revealed by the typical case of Wujiatai village as a dependent village cannot generalize all the types of rural tourism destinations, and it is necessary to pay attention to the case of another type of "Destination Village" in the follow-up study for induction and comparison.