南朝社会“素族”概念的使用语境及历史源流考察

The Use Context and Historical Source of "Su Nationality" in Southern Dynasty

作为特定历史称谓的"素族"常见于南朝史乘,而在魏晋文献中却不见踪影。对其概念与内涵的考辨,前贤时彦已多有论及。然观其所论,似仍有未周。"素族"之"素",不应等同于"庶族"之"庶",考其语源当源自两晋时期的"寒素""儒素"等历史称谓。两晋时期"寒素""儒素"群体最显著特征即在于无权势可依与以道德学行自重。这两种情况,与南朝渐趋衰落的门阀士族生存境况颇为吻合。尤其是后者,更成为彼时士族群体面对起自寒微的专制皇权的最大文化优势。但"寒"字在南朝往往被赋予更多的现实意义,儒家经学也不再是南朝士族唯一的文化取向,故南朝士族遂从中拈出"素"字作自我指称。

As a specific historical appellation, "Su nationality" is common in the annals of Southern Dynasty, but not in the literature of Wei and Jin Dynasties. There were a lot of textual researches on its conception and connotation. But there was non conclusion. Its etymology should be derived from historical appellations such as "Han Su" and "Confucian Su" in the Jin Dynasty.The most prominent feature of the "cold element" and "Confucian element" groups in the Jin Dynasty was that they had no power to rely on and had self-respect for morality. These two situations coincide with the living conditions of the declining nobles in the Southern Dynasty. Especially the latter, it became the greatest cultural advantage that the scholar groups faced with the autocratic imperial power from the cold. However, the word "cold" was often given more practical significance in the Southern Dynasty, and Confucian Confucianism was no longer the only cultural orientation of the Southern Dynasty scholars, so the Southern Dynasty scholars used the word "su" as their self-reference.